BIOLOGY 3 Marks Question

The broadly utilitarian argument described as biodiversity plays a major role in many ecosystem services that nature provides.
i. Broadly utilitarian mainly explains the broad and general use of biodiversities like oxygen,
ii. pollination, and
iii. aesthetic value which is not limited to particular species.

There are two immune response.
i. The primary immune response occurs when an antigen comes in contact with the immune system for the first time. During this time the immune system has to learn to recognize the antigen and how to make an antibody against it and eventually produce memory lymphocytes.
ii. The secondary immune response occurs when the second time (3rd, 4th, etc.) the person is exposed to the same antigen. At this point, immunological memory has been established and the immune system can start making antibodies immediately.

i. Parasites have evolved with special adaptations to co-exist with their hosts in an ecosystem in the following ways:
Loss of unnecessary sense organs
Presence of adhesive organs or suckers to cling on to the host iii. Loss of digestive system and high reproductive capacity.
ii. If the host evolves special mechanisms for rejecting or resisting the parasite, the parasite also evolves mechanisms to counteract and neutralise them, in order to be successful with the same host species. In accordance with their life styles, parasites evolve special adaptations and co-evolve with the host.

→ In situ conservation will help the larger number of species to survive because this method involves protection and conservation of the whole ecosystem and its biodiversity. Regions with very high levels of species richness and high degree of endemism is identified and then it is marked off as a protected area. Thus in situ method helps to conserve species without disturbing their natural habitat. Hotspots, protected areas and National parks are some of the methods used in situ conservation.
→ On the other hand, ex situ involves taking threatened animals and plants out from their natural habitat and placing them in special settings such as Zoological parks or botanical gardens where they can be given protection. However, this method is not ideal to conserve large variety of species.

Insulin production in human body:
- Synthesised naturally in the form of proinsulin consisting of polypeptide chain A and polypeptide chain B, linked together by disulphide bonds and an extra stretch called C-peptide
- The C-peptide is removed during processing and proinsulin matures into functional insulin.
Insulin production by rDNA technology
- Two DNA sequences corresponding to chain A and chain B of human insulin are synthesised
- They are introduced into two different plasmids of E.coli
- Chain A and chain B are produced separately
- extracted and combined by disulphide bond to form human insulin.

Expanding age pyramid	Stable age pyramid
The population of pre-reproductive age is greater than population of reproductive age	The population of pre-reproductive age equals to population of reproductive age

i. Pentose sugar or deoxyribose sugar.
ii. Two nucleotides are linked through 3'-5' phosphodiester linkage to form a dinucleotide.
iii. The ribose sugar has a free 3'-OH group which is referred to as 3' end of the polynucleotide chain.