Social Science 3 Marks Each

Intensive farming is a modern farming method. Wherever the irrigation facilities are there, the farmer can take more than one crop in a year and can produce abundant agro production. So he makes an excessive use of irrigation facilities, high yield variety of seeds. new farming technology, chemical fertilizers. pesticides and machines and gets abundant farm production. This type of farming is called 'Intensive Farming' Cash crops are grown in this type of farming. It brings more production per hectare, so the area under this cultivation increases Economic returns is given more importance in intensive farming, so it is also called 'Commercial Farming'.
Intensive farming is carried out in various districts such as Surat. Valsad. Anand, etc.

When the liquid (solution) of biological pesticides is sprayed on the crops, the dormant but live bacteria along with the caterpillars enter its intestine along with the food. This toxic protein causes paralysis in the caterpillar's intestine and specially in the mouth. Eventually. the caterpillar is dead. Thus, the biological pesticides cause different diseases among the troublesome minute insects. As a result, these pests are dead. So the trend towards biological pesticides is increasing to control pests.

By using the chemical fertilizers and the chemical pesticides excessively, the quality of the soil has decreased and the water pollution has increased. Besides, the toxins of the pesticides remain in the agricultural productions, which produce long term adverse effects on the human hygiene. There are possibilities of some diseases happening to man. Thus, the excessive use of chemical fertilizers and chemical pesticides is harmful.

Due to the diversity in factors like the geographical conditions of the concerned region. climate, variations in the types of soil and in the rainfall, etc., different crops are grown in different areas.

By using the chemical fertilizers and the chemical pesticides excessively the quality of the soll has decreased and the water pollution has increased. Besides the toxins of the pesticides. remain in the agricultural productions, which produce long term adverse effects on the human hygiene. There are possibilities of some diseases happening to man Thus, the excessive use of chemical fertilizers and chemical pesticides is harmful.

Sprinkler irrigation system is useful for agricultural crops. lawn, natural landscapes, golf course, etc. It is used to bring cooling and to settle the dust particles. To water the crops through this method is like getting the water from rain.
The water in sprinkler method is distributed by using the pump, valve, pipe and the sprinkler collectively There is a rotating nozzle on the pipe that is set perpendicularly. It is attached to sprinklers with the main pipe at a certain distance. The water is sprinkled with the help the nozzle of the sprinkler in the air like raindrops on the land with its lesser absorbing capacity in drip irrigation method.
The sprinkler irrigation system is widely used in residential areas, industrial units and agriculture. Besides, it is useful on the undulating land, sandy soil and for the short term crops. The sprinkler irrigation system is favourable for growing crops like wheat, millet, jowar, maize. groundnut, sugarcane, grams, onion, ryegrass. (rajko) and other fodder crops. fenugreek choli, cauliflower. cabbage, lady's finger (okra). potatoes, etc.

water is required for the crops in farming In many areas of our country. the rainfall is unpredictable and uncertain. So different arrangements are made for irrigation for agricultural crops in areas of scanty rainfall When crops are watered usually by the arrangements of wells, tube wells (bore-wells). reservoirs of small or large checkdams and ponds. It is called 'Irrigation".
The main means of irrigation In our country are as follows :
1. Wells and tube-wells (bore-wells): Wells and tube-wells are main means of irrigation in India. Irrigation is practised in the level plains through wells and tube-wells (bore-wells).
2. Canals: Large reservoirs are created by building dams across the rivers and the water is transported up to the farms by canals. Some projects like Sardar Sarovar Project. Ukai Project. Dharol Project. etc. are important irrigation projects active in Gujarat. The fertility of the soil reduces if the canal water is continuously and excessively used for irrigation, which affects adversely the crop production in long-term.
3. Khet Talavdi (Farm pond): The khet talavdi is built on the sloppy uncultivated land with the patch of grassland The rainwater is stored in it. After the rain stops. this water is used for irrigating the crop whenever it is required.
4. Checkdam: A strong dam is built across the flow of small rivers, streams or rivulets (springs) to prevent the flowing water. it is called 'Checkdam'. The water level in the wells and the tube-wells rises by constructing checkdams.

Chemical pesticides are used to prevent destruction (damage) to agricultural crops in India. The quality of the soil has reduced and the water pollution has increased due to the Irrational and unrestrained use of chemical pesticides in agriculture. Besides, the toxins of the pesticides remain in the farm productions which cause long-term harmful impacts on human hygiene.
The biological pesticides based on the bacteria virus. fungis. worms in the intestine) and plants are used to control the minute insects (pests) which are harmful to farm products The bacteria make up almost 90 per cent of 11 About hundred types of pathogens are reported which cause disease among the germs Spor producing bacteria is used for pest control of the minute insects Bacillus type are leading in this type of bacterias Biological pesticides. cause different diseases aniong the troublesome pests As a result, these pests are destroyed Organic pesticides are available in the market.
Biological pesticides based on bacteria is one type of gastric toxin So it is necessary that it goes into the stomach of those insects which are to be killed. When the liquid of the pesticides is sprayed on the crop. the caterpillars in dormant stage reach the intestine of the worms. This toxic protein causes paralysis in the intestine of the caterpillars especially in its mouth Ultimately the caterpillar dies
It is advisable to use biological pesticides instead of chemical pesticides to save ourselves from the side effects. Neem (limdo), karanj mahudo, tulsi (basil), ratanjyot. mint (pudina). bitter gourd. tobacco, sevant etc are biological pesticides which are used to control minute pests.

Seeds are an important factor obtain more agricultural production. Improved and treated (categorised) seeds are used nowadays for getting more agricultural production. The Government has set up seeds development centres. Seedlings are prepared in these centres for the plantation crops with the help of bio technique method. Varieties of seedlings giving more production in lesser time have been developed. This way, high yielding varieties of seeds are invented for more production through agricultural research. Because of improved seeds. India has been producing more food grains and has become self-reliant in the field of food grains. The Green Revolution is created in the country.