Science Que-Ans (Each of 2 Mark )

Personal and community issues affect health slowly. It has stages to affect an individual.

1. 1st stage: We will be happier than ever and we think that we got everything.
2. 2nd stage: Due to happiness a hormone is released in our body that makes us vibrant. Lack of sleep and due to oversleeping our body stores fats that cannot be converted into energy.
3. 3rd stage: You're addicted to this habit and u start following it want to secure it but it’s too late to secure becoz ur body continuously creates hormones and your body is also addicted to it.
4. Last stage: You feel depressed and think more that affects your mind and your behaviour will change completely.

1. When we drink contaminated water they enter through our mouth.
2. When any one sneezes then we inhale the germs then they enter through our nose.

The diseases vaccines prevent can be dangerous, or even deadly. Vaccines reduce your child's risk of infection by working with their body's natural defenses to help them safely develop immunity to disease. When germs, such as bacteria or viruses, invade the body, they attack and multiply.

Inadequate diet causes various health impairment such as malnutrition.

Jaundice is a disease that can cause long-term effects on our health. It is a chronic disease that lasts for a long period of time. Jaundice does not spread rapidly, but it develops slowly over a period of time.

Acute conditions are severe and sudden in onset. This could describe anything from a broken bone to an asthma attack. A chronic condition, by contrast is a long developing syndrome, such as osteoporosis or asthma. Note that osteoporosis, a chronic condition, may cause a broken bone, an acute condition.

Antibiotics generally block the biosynthetic pathways and they block these pathways of the microbes/ bacteria. However, viruses have very few biochemical mechanisms of their own and hence are unaffected by antibiotics.

Common symptoms which indicate sickness are:

1. Headache.
2. Cough.
3. Dysentery.

If only one of these symptoms is present, we usually do not visit a doctor. This is because such symptoms do not have much effect on our general health and ability to work. However, if a person is experiencing these symptoms for quite sometime, then he needs to visit a doctor for proper treatment.

Health: It is a "State of complete physical, mental, and social well being, and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity."

A person is healthy only when he is physically, mentally and socially fit. Therefore, one has to have social harmony to be healthy. And to have a good health one has to be physically disease free which he can be by having good economic condition. Because if he/ she has good economic conditions, he will be able to afford a good living place for living due to which there will be less chances of getting a disease.

1. The symptoms like body temperature, fever, cough, cold, loose-motions, non-stop crying improper or no food intake etc. would help up to find that the baby is sick.
2. The symptoms could help us to find out the sickness of the body.

Strains used for the production: In the earliest years of antibiotic discovery the antibiotics being discovered were naturally produced antibiotics and were either produced by fungi, such as theantibiotic penicillin, or by soil bacteria, which can produce antibiotics including streptomycin and tetracycline.

You are more likely to fall sick when your friend is suffering from measles. This is because measles is highly contagious and can easily spread through respiration i.e., through air. Thus, if your friend is suffering from measles, stay away from him otherwise you might easily get infected with the disease.

Difference between infectious and non - infectious disease are:

Infectious or Communicable Diseases	Non-Infectious or Non-Communicable Diseases
They are caused by attack of pathogens. The diseases brought about by extrinsic or external factors. Infectious diseases can pass from diseased person to a healthy person. Transmission of infection occurs through direct contact or some medium (air, water vectors). Community hygiene can reduce the incidence of infections diseases. eg, cholera, tuberculosis (TB), pneumonia, Chickenpox.	They are not caused by pathogens. The diseases are mostly brought by intrinsic or internal factors. Non - infectious disease cannot pass from one person to another. Transmission is absent. However hereditary diseases are transmitted from parent to offspring. Community hygiene is ineffective in reducing the incidence of non - infectious diseases. e.g, high blood pressure, heart disease, cancer.

The third level causes of the disease are:

1. Malnutrition: Due to lack of certain nutrients in the food.
2. Contributory cause: Due to prevalence of unhealthy conditions.
3. Intermediate cause: Due to pathogens and malfunctions of body organs.

Infection occurs when viruses, bacteria, or other microbes enter your body and begin to multiply. Disease occurs when the cells in your body are damaged as a result ofinfection and signs and symptoms of an illness appear. Pathogenic microbes challenge the immune system in many ways.

Antibiotic Effect in Japanese Encephalitis–Nil Japanese encephalitis is a viral disease while antibiotics are effective against bacteria.

Malaria, dengue and chikungunya are the three diseases transmitted through vectors.

1. Helicobactor pylori.
2. Marshall and Warren.

Importance of Health:Health is a state of complete physical, mental and social well being. For a healthy life cycle, a person needs to have a balanced diet and has to regularly exercise. One must also live in a proper shelter, take enough sleep and have good hygiene habits.

Infectious disease, Hereditary disease, Genetic disease and Chromosomal disease.

The twoconditions essential for good health are:

1. An individual must have better health facilities and more professionals to deal with health problems.
2. All basic necessary conditions to prevent diseases must be present. For example, proper garbage collection and disposal, clearing of drains, supply of healthy drinking water, etc.

Non - infectious diseases are caused by factors other than living pathogens and are not transmitted. e.g., diabetes and goitre.

Health: It is a state of being well enough to function well physically mentally & socially.
Personal & Community issue both matter for health: Our social environment is an important factor in our individual health. Human begins live in societies in villages, towns or cities. In such places, even our physical environment is decided by our social environment.
Public health services: These services ensure.

1. Proper removal and disposal of garbage.
2. Proper drainage of sewage.
3. Clean drinking water and unadulterated food items.
4. Vector and pest control.
5. Proper vaccination and other health care services etc.

If public health services are inadequate, the helath of individual citizens is bound to be affected despite taking best personal hygiene and consuming the balanced diet.

Edward Jenner was the first to discover vaccine. Small pox and Polio can be prevented by using vaccines.

Distinguish between symptoms and signs of disease Signs are the physical manifestation of the illness, injury or disease. It is objective, which means that it can be seen and measured, usually by a doctor or a nurse. Symptoms, on the other hand, are things that can only be felt by the patient. These are the things that a patient experiences about the illness, injury or disease. These must be described to the doctor, in order for him or her to diagnose the patient.

Protist is an informal term for any eukaryotic organism that is not an animal, plant or fungus.The process of developing immunity (capability to fight infections) is called immunization.

A genetic disorder is a genetic problem caused by one or more abnormalities formed in the genome. Most genetic disorders are quite rare and affect one person in every several disease thousands or millions. Genetic disorders may be hereditary or non-hereditary, meaning that they are passed down from the parents' genes.

Vaccination is when a vaccine is administered to you (usually by injection). Immunisation is what happens in your body after you have the vaccination. The vaccine stimulates your immune system so that it can recognise the disease and protect you from future infection (i.e. you become immune to the infection). ‘Vaccination’ and ‘immunisation’ are often used interchangeably but their meanings are not exactly the same.

1. Sleeping sickness caused by Trypanosoma/ Malaria by plasmodium.
2. Kala - azar caused by Leishmania.

Viruses have few biochemical mechanisms of their own. They enter our cells and use our machinery for their life processes. This means that there are relatively few virus specific targets to aim. Hence making antiviral medicines is harder than making anti bacterial medicines.

In nearly all types of infections of the human body, there is a rise in body temperature, an increase rate of heart beat (i.e. pulse rate) increases frequency of respiration, dry tongue, poor appetite, concentration of urine and changes in the level white blood cells circulating the blood.

When the functioning or the appearance of one or more systems of the body will change for the worse, it gives certain abnormal signs of the disease. These visual changes in human beings are called symptoms. Symptoms give indication of the presence of a particular disease. Example:

1. Lesions on the skin are the symptoms of chickenpox.
2. Cough is the symptom of lung infection.

Antibiotic is a chemical substance that kills the bacteria by blocking the biochemical pathways which are essential for them. Examples-

1. Penicillin.
2. Streptomycin.

Vectors are organisms that carry a pathogen (disease causing agent) from one person to other. These are generally mosquitoes, insects, flys, etc.Eg:

1. Female anopheles mosquito is vector of malaria.
2. Female aedes mosquito is vetor of dengue and chickengunya.

Examples of diseases spread by skin or mucous membrane contact: Chicken pox > Cold sores (herpes simplex) > Conjunctivitis > Hand, foot and mouth disease > Head lice > Molluscum contagiosum > Ringworm > Scabies > School sores (impetigo) > Staphylococcus aureus > infection Warts.

It is said “Health is wealth”. If health is lost, everything is lost. If health is i’ lost, the capacity to work is lost. Inability to work leads to poverty and misery. On the other hand, if we have health we are able to work and this, in turn, adds to our wealth. Therefore good health is one of the basic foundations on which our lives are built. For the common man, health is merely an absence of sickness and ailments. This view is narrow and one-sided. The term ‘health’ is much more comprehensive. Good health is the state of all-round physical, social and mental well being of a person, which enables him to live and work normally and to resist the negative impact of his environment.

The prevention and control of malaria can be prevented through the following ways: Controlling mosquito breeding, Killing adult mosquitoes before they bite people, Killing malaria parasites in the blood before they can cause malaria.

Vector-borne diseases are transmitted among their human, animal, or plant hosts by arthropods, usually insects. A broader definition of vector-borne disease recognizes that other animals can serve in the role of infectious disease vector by harboring pathogens that cause disease only in susceptible populations.