Social Science 2 Marks Each

Krishna Basin: (1) River Krishna originates from Mahabaleshwar in Western Ghats, passing through Maharashtra. Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh, meets the Bay of Bengal (2) Its length is about 1400 km. (3) Koyna, Ghatprabha. Bhima, Tungabhadra, Musi, etc. are her tributaries. (4) Het basin is spread over Maharashtra, Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh.
Kaveri Basin:(1) River Kaveri originated in Brahmagiri Range in Karnataka in Western Ghats and meets the Bay of Bengal near old Kaveripatanam, south of Kadlur in Tamil Nadu. (2) It is about 760 km long. (3) Amravati, Bhavani. Hemavati, Kalini, etc. are her major tributaries. (4) Her basin area is spread in Kerala. Karnataka and Tamil Nadu.

(1) Narmada river originates near Amarkantak, flows through a rift valley in Madhya Pradesh and meets the Arabian Sea at about 1312 km away. The sea water can enter up to a long distance in her wide mouth. (2) Narmada Basin is restricted to Gujarat and Madhya Pradesh. (3) Narmada flows though the marble rocks at Bhedaghat located near Jabalpur. Dhuandhar Falls are formed due to the steep slope of Narmada. 4) Narmada has many tributaries, none of which a longer than 200 km. Most of the rivers meet Narmada at right angle. (5) Narmada and her Iributaries have formed Rectangular drainage pattern.

(1) River Godavari is the largest river of Peninsular India. Its length is about 1465 km. (2)Originating at Nashik district of Maharashtra in western Gharts. It flows to east and meets the Bay of Bengal. (3) It has the largest river basin in the peninsula, of which 50% area is in Maharashtra and the rest is in Andhra Pradesh. Madhya Pradesh. Chhattisgarh and Odisha. (4) Major tributaries of Godavari are Purna, Manjra, Penganga. Vardha Vainganga. Pranhita and Indravati. (5) Godavari has a long route and also has a large basin. So It is also called the 'Ganga of South'

Remedies to prevent the water pollu-tion: (1) Observe the rules made for the prevention of water pollution strictly. (2) Implement the project for purifying the water by National River Conservation Project (NRCP). (3) Strict rules should be formed so that the industrial units would not empty their effluent water into the river.(4) Industries should purify the efficent water with due treatment releasing it in the rivers so that the harmful elements are destroyed frotu the chemical water. (5) Laws should be formed so that the water is treated properly before it is released in the rivers and it should be implemented strictly. (6) In order to keep the rivers clean, all citizens should take care that they do not throw domestic waste in rivers.

Utility of lakes: (1) Some of the lakes In India are places of origin for many rivers. e.g. Narmada river originates from Amarkantak Lake. (2) Water of the lakes in heavy rainfall region can be conserved and may be used in Irrigation, drinking. domestic uses and for fishery. (3) Lake waters are useful at the time of droughts. (4) Water of the lakes, built through large dams across rivers, is useful in irrigation, production of hydro-electricity and for fishery. (5) Many lakes enhance the natural beauty of its surroundings. So such lakes have been developed as tourists spots.
Thus, lakes are useful in many ways.

(1) River Brahmaputra flows through Arunachal Pradesh and Assam. Many small rivers meet her here. (2) As these regions get heavy rain. these rivers bring enormous amount of water. Because of the addition of this water frequently during the rainy season, devastating floods occur In Brahmaputra.

(1) Most of the Himalayan rivers originate from snow-covered regions of Himalayas. These regions get very heavy rain during monsoon. So floods occur in these rivers. (2) During summer. these rivers get much water due to the melting of the snow over the Himalayan peaks. So these rivers are perennial.

(1) Mahanadi originated from Maikal mountains in Chhattisgarh, flows through Odisha and meets the Bay of Bengal. (2) Its length is about 860 km. (3) Its basin is spread in Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand and Odisha.

The problems created by water pollution are as follows:
(1) Clean and healthy water becomes scarce.
(2) The water becomes unhealthy for daily use and farming.
(3) The existance of living beings is endangered. It spreads many diseases.
(4) Many issues of public well-being are raised.
Remedies to prevent the water pollu-tion: (1) Observe the rules made for the prevention of water pollution strictly. (2) Implement the project for purifying the water by National River Conservation Project (NRCP). (3) Strict rules should be formed so that the industrial units would not empty their effluent water into the river.(4) Industries should purify the efficent water with due treatment releasing it in the rivers so that the harmful elements are destroyed frotu the chemical water. (5) Laws should be formed so that the water is treated properly before it is released in the rivers and it should be implemented strictly. (6) In order to keep the rivers clean, all citizens should take care that they do not throw domestic waste in rivers.

Economic importance of rivers: (1) River water is a natural resource. (2) River water has fulfilled the economic necessities of men. (3) Agricultural and industrial development is mainly because of rivers. (4) Ancient civilizations of the world flourished and developed along river banks. (5) Many large cities in India have developed along river banks. e.g.. Delhi. Kolkata. Ahmedabad, Surat, Bharuch. etc. (6) Perennial rivers are useful as internal waterways.

(1) Volume of water in most of the peninsular rivers depends only on rain. So these are ephemeral rivers. (2) During summer, these mers are almost dried up or there is very little water in their flow. (3) These rivers are shorter compared with the Himalayan rivers. (4) These rivers are shallow. (5) Most of the rivers flow eastward and meet the Bay of Bengal. (6) Western Ghats is the chief water divide for the peninsular rivers.

(1) Himalayan rivers have larger basins. (2) Many rivers have carved out deep valleys with steep slopes and gorges. (3) These rivers get water due to rain during monsoon and due to the melting of snow during summer. So these are perennial rivers. (4) These rivers make intense erosion and bring sand and sediments in the plains, where landforms like flood plains, cliffs, etc. are formed due to the deposition. (5) Meanders are seen in the rivers due to the deposition of sediments on the river floors.