Social Science 2 Marks Each

Cold War is the ideological conflict between two superpowers-the USA and the USSR and their allies after the Second World War. This created a state of war without actual outbreak of war

(1) In spite of the fact that the League of Nations had failed to establish world peace, the leaders of major countries were aware of the need to have another international organisation to preserve World Peace.
(2) The destruction caused by the Second World War was enormous.
(3) The dropping of atom bombs on Japan and the destruction caused by it made the World leaders to establish the United Nations to prevent an all-destructive nuclear Third World War.
Therefore, after the end of the Second World War, the United Nations was established.

(1) Judiciary is the institutional device to resolve conflicts and render justice.
(2) Disputes between two or more states need to be resolved according to the provisions of International Law.
(3) One of the objectives of the UN was peaceful resolution of conflicts.
To realize this objective, International Court of Justice was established.

(1) Hitler wanted to bring about unification of all German people under his leadership.
(2) He annexed Austria on 12th March. 1938.
(3) Thereafter he captured Czechoslovakia on 1st October. 1938 and Mamal port of Lithuania in March 1939.
(4) He disregarded the provisions of the Treaty of Versailles and militarised Germany.
(5) His invasion of Poland on 1st September. 1939 led to the issuance of ultimatum by France and England to withdraw troops and his refusal led to declaration of war on Germany by England and France on 3rd September. 1939.
In this way, Hitler was responsible for the Second World War.

(1) Unjust and humiliating Treaty of Versailles was imposed on Germany at the Paris Peace Conference.
(2)It caused resentment and desire to take revenge for among the German people.
(3) Germany was held responsible for the First World War and was asked to pay 6.5 billion pounds as War Compensation to the allied powers.
(4) Alsace and Lorraine provinces were restored to France. Mineral-rich Saar province was handed over to France for a period of 15 years.
(5) Her armed forces were disbanded and Rhine Valley was demilitarised.
In this way, the seeds of the Second World War were sown by the Treaty of Versailles.

(1) Italy was discontented after the First World War. Promises made by the allies were not Fulfilled. They had ignored territorial claims of Italy.
(2) There was acute shortage of essential commodities, steep rise in the prices, a large number of workers rendered unemployed, strikes and lock out.
(3) Mussolini promised to restore past glory of Italy.
With a view to secure power and fulfill his promises to the people. Mussolini established the Fascist Party in Italy.

(1) The General Assembly is an international forum to discuss issues before the World Community.
(2) The General Assembly deliberates on the issues related to international peace and security and recommends the course of action to the Security Council.
(3)It discusses and approves the annual budget of the UN presented by the Secretary-General. Thereby it apportions funds for the different activities of the UN.
(4) It admits new members on the recommendations of the Security Council.
(5) It elects the non-permanent members of the Security Council and the members of the Economic and Social Council.
(6) It appoints the Judges of the International Court of Justice and the Secretary-General on the recommendations of the Security Council.
(7) It elects every year its President and Vice-President.

The principal organs of the United Nations were: (1) General Assembly: (2) Security Council; (3) Economic and Social Council; (4) Trusteeship Council; (5) International Court of Justice and (6) Secretariat.

(1) The imperialist ambitions of Hitler led to the invasion of Poland by Germany on 1st September, 1939.
(2) England and France had issued an ultimatum to Germany to withdraw from Poland within 24 hours.
(3) As Germany ignored the ultimatum. England and France declared War on Germany on 3rd September, 1939 and thereby the Second World War started.

(1) England and France shouldered the leadership of the League of Nations in the absence of the USA.
(2) Their policy of appeasement emboldened Japan. Italy and Germany to indulge in acts of aggression.
(3) The League did not have its armed forces to stop acts of aggression.
Thus, the League of Nations failed to prevent the acts of aggression.

(1) France entered into treaties with Belgium, Poland, Romania and Czechoslovakia to defend itself against Germany.
(2) Italy entered into treaties with Czecho-slovakia, Yugoslavia, Romania, Greece, Turkey and Austria.
(3) Russia signed treaties with Germany,Turkey,Lithuania and Iran.
(4) The 'Rome -Berlin -Tokyo Axis' was formed by Italy, Germany and Japan.
(5) England and France formed the group of democratic nations.

The following factors were responsible for the outbreak of the Second World War:
(1) Fierce nationalism: (2) Groupism among the nations: (3) Militarism: (4) Failure of the League of Nations: (5) Paris Peace Conference and Treaty of Versailles: (6) Imperialistic ambitions of Hitler and (7) German invasion of Poland on 1st September, 1939.

'The Wall Street Crisis' took place on 24th October, 1929 in America. As a result the share market collapsed, leading to closure of many banks and industries.
→ This crisis shattered the American economy and subsequently the global economy.
→ The Great Depression started in 1929 and continued till the end of 1932.

(1) The First World War resulted in economic hardships for the people in the post-war period.
(2) There was acute shortage of essential commodities, steep price rise and unemployment.
(3) The democratic countries failed to solve the economic problems.
As a result, people lost confidence in democracy after the First World War.