Social Science 4 Marks Each

Subhash Chandra Bose was born on 23rd January, 1897 at Cuttack, Orissa (Odishal He completed his education at the Presidency College, Kolkata and went to England for higher studies. He passed the Indian Civil Service examination but did not join the service of the British.
→ After returning to India, he was actively associated with the Swarajya party and became very popular among the young Indians.
→ He was imprisoned during the Civil Disobedience Movement.
→ At the age of 41, he was elected as the President of the Indian National Congress at Haripura (Surat) in 1938 and Tripura in 1939.
→ Due to the differences of opinion with Gandhiji regarding the policy to be followed during the Second World War, he resigned from the Congress and founded Forward Bloc in 1939.
→ He was arrested and put under House Detention He managed to escape on the night of 28th January, 1941 and reached Berlin in March, 1942.
→ He founded Azad Hind Radio Station and appealed to the people of India to overthrow the British rule.
→ On the Invitation of Rash Bihari Bose he went to Japon in 1943. He went to Singapore to take over the command of the Indian national Army.
→ He formed the Provisional Indian government In October, 1943 .
→ He was fondly addressed as "Netaji". He gave The slogan 'Jai Hind' and 'Chalo Delhi' Me made fervent appeal that You give me blood. I will give you freedom.
→ Under this leadership. the INA crossed Indian horder in May. 1944 and captured the ludian posts of Mohdock. Prom and Kohima. Aller a valiant light, the INA was defeated near Imphal.
→ The American army recaptured Rangoon and Forced Japan to surrender on 14th August, 1945.
→ While trying to escape from Japan on 18th August, 1945 Netaji is believed to have died in an arroplane accident.
→ His life and work and utmost sacrifice of life. endeared laim to the people of India.

The British government rejected the demands made in the 'Nehru Report'.
[The Indian National Congress had given the time-limit till midnight of 31st December, 1929 to accept and implement the recommendations in the 'Nehru Report'. That time-limit had expired on the midnight of 31st December, 1929.]
→ Younger generation of leaders - Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru and Subhash Chandra Bose were not in favour of 'Dominion Status within the British Empire'. They wanted 'Complete Independence'.
→ The annual session of the Indian National Congress took place at Lahore on the banks of the river Ravi. At that time Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru was the President of the Indian National Congress.
→ At Lahore session, the Indian National Congress passed the historical resolution, demanding "Poorna Swarajya-Complete Independence".
→ The resolution further appealed to the people of India to observe 26th January, 1930 as "Independence Day" and take pledge to work for independence.
→ In order to remember this historical event, the Constitution of India came into force on 26th January, 1950. We observe 26th January every year as the 'Republic Day'.

(1) Rash Bihari Bose. an Ind. revolutionary, escaped to Japan after the failure of the Gadar revolt in 1915. He had established the Indian Independence League in Japan to support revolutionary activities in India.
(2) During the Second World War Japan had overrun the British colonies in the South-East Asia and had taken about 3,000 Indian soldiers in the British army as the prisoners of war.
(3) Rash Bihari Bose secured release of these prisoners of war from Japan. With the help of Captain Mohansingh, he formed the Indian National Army in 1942.
(4) Japan had promised every assistance to Rash Bihart in the war against England. Thereafter Rash Bihari Bose had invited Subhash Chandra Bose, to come to Japan and take over the leadership of the INA.
(5) Subhash Chandra Bose reached Japan in 1943 and took over the leadership of the INA.
(6) Subhash Chandra Bose made an appeal to the Indian people in South-East Asia to support the INA. Many lodians in this region joined INA.
(7) Subhash Chandra Bose shified the centre of his activity from Japan to Shugapore .
(8) Andaman-Nicobar Islands were handed over to INA by Japan. These were named 'Shaheed and Swarajya'.
(9) Netaji, as he was fondly called by his culleagues, moved over to Rangoon after the Japanese army defeated British army in Darma.
(10) The INA crossed the Indian horder ta 1944 and captured Prom. Mohdock and Kolaima It suffered defeat after valiant fighi near Imphal.
(11) Alter the surrender of Japan in the Serund World War on 14th Augpist, 1945 and death of Netaji in an aeroplane accident, the INA's light came to an end. 

The Cripps Proposals (1942) indicated that the British government had no Intention to grant Independence to India. People were disappointed with the treacherous behaviour of the government. In order to overcome this disappointment. Gandhiji started preparing for the final struggle.
→ The historical 'Quit India' session took place at Mumbai. The Quit India resolution was passed on 8th August, 1942
→ Gandhiji in his address declared that "This is the last struggle in my life and people of India should resort to any means to achieve independence." He gave the slogan 'Do or Die'.
Significant events:
→ On the early morning of 9th August, 1942, the British government arrested Gandhiji. Maulana Azad, Sardar Patel, Pandit Nehru and other national leaders of the Congress. It declared Congress as an illegal organisation. Censorship was imposed on the Indian press.
→ The government also arrested the leaders at the provincial and district level. 'Hartal' was observed in cities and villages, in protest against the arrest of Gandhiji and other leaders.
→ All sections of the Indian people participated in the Quit India Movement. The workers went on strike in Jamshedpur. Mumbai and Madras. 1.40.000 workers in 75 textile mills. in Ahmedabad went on strike for 105 days. Markets in Ahmedabad were closed for three and half months. Students, too, left schools and colleges and participated in the movement.
→ Underground movements in different parts of country attacked railway stations, police stations. post offices and the other government offices. The railway and telegraph wires were uprooted. Many incidents of arson and looting took place. Maximum damage was caused to the railways.
→ With a view to suppress the movement, police resorted to lathi-charge, tear gas and firing on a large scale. About 70.000 people were arrested and imprisoned. Police firing took place 538 times in which 1028 people died and 3200 were injured. In spite of this. the government failed to suppress the movement.
→ The Quit India Movement was a signal to the government that its control had ended and it will have to give independence to India. The movement brought about tremendous mass-awakening. As a result, within five years, the British government gave independence to India in August. 1947.

The Cabinet Mission Plan had rejected. Muslim League's demand for Pakistan la the elections to the Constituent Assembly, held in July 1946, Muslim League managed to secure 73 out of 78 seats reserved for the Muslims.
→ Realizing that it will be a perpetual minority in India, the League resorted to pressure tacties by observing 16th August 1946 as 'Direct Action Day'.
→ Direct Action Day led to unprecedented Hindu-Muslim riots across India.
→ Initially Muslim League refused to join the Provisional Government. However, after joining the 'Provisional Government', it obstructed work ing of the government.
→ Muslim League boycotted the inaugural seanton of the Constituent Assembly on 9th December, 1946.
→ On 31st January, 1947. Muslim League carried out quick action plan to achieve Pakistan. The continuous communal violence made the governance of the country impossible.
→ Lord Mountbatten who came to India in March 1947 understood the gravity of the situation and prepared the scheme of partition known as the 'Mountbatten Plan'.
→ Mountbatten convinced Pandit Nehru and Sardar Patel that there was no alternative to the partition of India.
→ This plan was accepted by the leaders of the Indian National Congress and the Muslim League.
→ Thus under the pressure of the deteriorating law and order situation and the adamant stand taken by Jinnah, the leaders of the Indian National Congress accepted the Mountbatten. Plan, i.e.. the scheme of partition of India.