Geography [3 Mark Question Answer]

(i) It faces tough Competition from artificial and synthetic material which are cheap and better in quality is the main problem.
(ii) Competition is faced from cheaper and better silk from China.
(iii) Price fluctuation in case of raw silk affects the silk industry.
(iv) Demand also decrease due to its high price compared to the other fibers.

(i) Favourable temperature of 16°C to 30°C is available.
(ii) Plenty of fresh water for the processing of Silk fibre.
(iii) Use of new scientific technology in silk processing.
(iv) Skilled & experienced work force.
Thus, Sericulture is the primary occupation in many districts of South Karnataka.

(i) Inadequate supply of good quality raw material.
(ii) Low productivity of workers who organize frequent strikes.
(iii) Outdated & obsolete machinery.
(iv) Stiff competition from Synthetic fibre and artificial fibre like rayon, nylon, etc.
(v) Cotton handloom industrial products cannot match with the machine made clothes. The overall production is also low.

The four special features of the cotton textile industry in India are:
(i) It is one of the oldest industry and widespread industry in India.
(ii) It provides employment to millions of people.
(iii) It generates next most employment after agriculture.
(iv) India earns great foreign exchange due to this industry.

South Indian states Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka & Tamil Nadu are more suitable than UP-Bihar
belt due to the following factors:
(i) Geographical Factors: Temperature: 20°C to 30°C., Rainfall: 100 to 200 cm. Water is also supplied by irrigation.
(ii) Soil: Regur (Black/Lava) soil which is well drained.
(iii) The crushing seasons are longer and mills are near the plantations, so there is no loss of sucrose.
(iv) The sugar industry is well organized and is run by co-operative sector.

Problems faced by north Indian sugar producing states:
(i) The prices are fixed by the Government which discourages the farmers and they switch to other food crops like rice.
(ii) The crop is produced by small farmers hence yields are low.
(iii) The sugar industry is seasonal as sugarcane is available only during the harvesting time. Due to short crushing season, overall cost of production increases.
(iv) There are great distances from the sugarcane farm to the sugar mills. Therefore the cost of transport increases the cost of production.

By-products of sugar industry:
(i) Bagasse is the rejected cane after the crushing of sugarcane in the mills. It is used to manufacture paper, cardboard, insulation board, etc.
(ii) Molasses is a dark coloured syrup left after the preparation of sugar from cane juice. It is used to make plastic, synthetic rubber, alcohol, rum and fertilizers.
(iii) Press mud is used to make shoe polish, carbon paper, etc.
(iv) Sugarcane juice is a healthy, nourishing and cooling drink which is in great demand.

(i) Jaggery contains more nutrients than refined sugar
(ii) It is free from molasses content.
(iii) Many chemical processes are involved in making sugar than jaggery which has health related issues.
That is why Jaggery is preferred over sugar.

(i) Mumbai has all the factors necessary for the development of industries.
(ii) This includes, cheap labour supply, skilled workers, 24 x 7 electricity and water supply, excellent land, water and airways, availability of capital, port facilities, etc.

(i) NE India is mountainous region with thick forests, swift streams.
(ii) This area is not suitable for development of infrastructure.
(iii) It also lacks mineral wealth and also the agricultural production. That is why there is poor development of Industries in North-East India.

(i) Area under cultivation is much more and its spread all over India compared to jute.
(ii) Demand for cotton is much more than jute.

(i) In Bihar and Uttar Pradesh, they use old, obsolete machinery which consumes more raw material and gives less production.
(ii) Hence the overall cost price also increases and sometimes mills get sick.
That is why Machinery used for sugar production in North India need to be changed.

Sugar industry is based on agriculture and agriculture of India greatly depends upon rainfall which is erratic in nature.
(ii) Hence crop production suffers and fluctuation occurs in sugar output of India.

(i) In cooperative sector money is contributed by the people.
(ii) This industry requires the investment in billions and hence it's difficult for one person to own it. And hence it is mainly in cooperative sector.

(i) Maharashtra is the largest manufacturer of cotton textile in India.
(ii) It produces almost 40% of the textile of India.
(iii) This industry has developed much here due to availability of raw material, technology, capital, etc. and thus helped in maximum production.

(i) After harvesting, sugarcane begins to lose the sucrose content rapidly.
(ii) Greater delay not only causes decrease in sucrose content but also causes injury to crop and causes it to decay.

(i) This industry employs the second largest work force.
(ii) There is great demand for cotton clothes in international market as it is a natural fibre. In India also demand for clothes by the extremely large population can be fulfilled by this industry. That is why, Cotton textile industries are very important for India.

(i) It has an abundant capital supply and availability of cheap labour.
(ii) A humid climate facilitates the spinning of yarn of finer cotton.
(iii) Fresh water supply from nearby dams for bleaching and dyeing is plentiful.
(iv) Cotton can be easily brought to this place by excellent transport facility.
(v) The Madurai-Coimbatore-Bangalore region is situated in the cotton growing tract of south.

(i) Sugarcane starts losing its sucrose content immediately after the harvesting.
(ii) Hence it need to be processed within 24 hours and hence these factories are located near sugarcane producing areas.
(iii) It also saves transport cost.

Kolkata is another important cotton textile producing centre since-
(i) It has an abundant power supply since it is close to Raniganj and Jharia coalfields.
(ii) It has an abundant capital supply and availability of cheap labour.
(iii) A humid climate facilitates the spinning of yarn of finer cotton.
(iv) Fresh water supply from river Hooghly for bleaching and dyeing is plentiful.
(v) Kolkata is well connected by road, rail and river for easy transport.
(vi) However the only disadvantage is that the raw material has to be brought from distant cotton growing areas
of Deccan plateau. (Any two points)

(i) Ahmedabad's hinterland grows abundant cotton due to the presence of Regur/Black soil.
(ii) Abundant supply of skilled and unskilled labour is easily available.
(iii) It is well connected to the domestic as well as international market through different modes of transport. Due to these factors, Cotton industry has developed in Mumbai. 

Mumbai is the most important centre for Cotton textiles since:
(i) Mumbai's hinterland i.e. Deccan plateau grows abundant cotton due to the presence of Regur/Black soil.
(ii) Long staple cotton is easily imported from UAE and other countries as Mumbai has excellent port facilities.
(iii) The humid climate of Mumbai favours the production of yarns of finer quality.
(iv) Cheap power is available from Tata Hydroelectric systems.
(v) Abundant supply of skilled and unskilled labour is easily available.
(vi) Mumbai is well connected to the domestic as well as International market through different modes of transport. Due to these factors, Cotton industry has developed in Mumbai. 

The reasons for the localisation of the Sugar industry in Bihar & Uttar Pradesh:
(i) The largest quantity of sugarcane is produced in this belt.
(ii) Coal for power is obtained from Jharkhand.
(iii) Railway facilities are widespread.

(i) It makes country self sufficient and self-reliable.
(ii) Industrialization causes country to develop faster than agriculture and other primary occupations.
(iii) It can deal with the problem of unemployment.