Geography [3 Mark Question Answer]

(i) They are present all over India and supply iron and steel to local market at cheap rate and on time.
(ii) They use scrap iron and thus play important role in waste management and conservation of natural resources.
(iii) Work in them is done in electric furnace thus, they cause less pollution than burning coal.

(i) Every industry machines are basically made using iron and steel. Thus, if there is no iron and steel, there won't be other industries.
(ii) Transport vehicles such as trucks, railways, and others which play important role in development of industries, are made up of iron and steel.
(iii) Railway track, engines, ship, bridges, etc. are made up of iron and steel.
(iv) Agricultural equipments such as tractor, mattock too are made up of iron. Agriculture contributes immensely to national income due to inputs from this industry.

The advantages of setting mini steel plants are as follows:
(i) They use scrap iron available in the country or at times imported at a cheap rate.
(ii) They do not need heavy capital investment.
(iii) They make special steels and are located in industrial towns thereby reducing the transport cost.

Problems related to Iron and Steel industry are
(i) Iron ore concentrated in Chotanagpur region only and thus it is concentrated at only a few places.
(ii) Transporting finished materials in the entire country is very costly.
(iii) Need very high capital investment but produce less employment.
(iv) It cause much water, and air pollution.

(i) Iron and steel plant of Jamshedpur gets its iron ore from the districts of Singhbhum, Mayurbhanj, and Bonai
in Odisha.
(ii) It gets water from the river Subarnarekha.
(iii) Bihar, West Bengal and Uttar Pradesh supply labour force.

(i) Petrochemicals are used in cosmetics, pharmaceuticals and many chemical industries.
(ii) Petrochemical like Plastics, Detergents, Synthetic rubber and Synthetic fibre have wide range of uses.
(iii) Plastic is widely used today as it is durable, attractive, light in weight and cheap.
(iv) Polythene, PVC, Polystyrene, Synthetic rubber are different types of plastics.
(v) Synthetic fibres like nylon, dacron, terylene are cheaper and stronger than cotton, silk and wool.

(i) It generates employment.
(ii) It results into the economic development of the country.
(iii) It transforms an underdeveloped or developing country into developed country.
(iv) It causes improvement of standard of living.
(v) We can obtain the finished goods within the nation at the cheap rate due to industrialization.

We should not encourage the use of petrochemicals because they are non-biodegradable and cause immense biological damage.

Closeness of this industry to the coastal regions is due to the following reasons:
(i) Raw material is easily available.
(ii) Transporting costs are lower.
(iii) Final product is easily exported to foreign countries.

Due to the following reasons, it has flourished.
(i) Readily available world class IT infrastructure.
(ii) Quality research & development institutions.
(iii) Centre for International conferences and Workshops.

(i) Bangalore is an important software and hardware manufacturer.
(ii) It hosts many international companies like Apple, Dell, HP, etc.
(iii) It is alo a centre for providing large number of skilled labour.
(iv) Therefore, it is rightly called as Information & Technology capital of India. That is why Bangalore is termed as Silicon Valley of India.

(i) Coking coal, differs from thermal coal because of its carbon content and caking ability, which refers to the coal's ability to be converted into coke.
(ii) Non-coking coal cannot cake and has a higher ash content.

(i) Iron gets easily rusted and loses its strength.
(ii) Tungsten, Nickel and Manganese are added to iron to convert into steel which is more attractive, make steel tough and prevent it from getting rusted.

(i) They are cost-effective.
(ii) Their prices are more stable as raw material are available at steady pace as they don't depend on climate.
(iii) They are more attractive, durable and easily replaceable.

(i) Mini Iron and Steel Plants need scrap iron which is easily available here.
(ii) Besides this, market, power supply, water supply, cheap labour, cheap transport, other raw materials are easily available here.

(i) This industry is concentrated in the Chhota Nagpur region because of easy availability of its three basic raw materials coal, iron ore, limestone, and manganese.
(ii) The water and electricity are available from many rivers and dams constructed across major rivers.
(iii) These are the basic ingredients for the iron and steel industry.

The largest mineral-based industry in India is Iron and Steel Industry. It is called a basic or a key to other industries because many other industries depend on this.

(i) Agro based industries depend upon raw material from agriculture and there is fluctuation in the production due to climatic conditions which cannot be controlled by us.
(ii) Mineral based industries do not depend on climate.
(iii) Agro based industries can manufacture limited variety of products whereas mineral based industries can manufacture wide range of products.

(i) Petrochemical products are very useful and we can make extremely large number of products from them.
(ii) They include synthetic rubber, plastic, synthetic fibre, pharmaceuticals, wax, paints, explosives, fuels, etc.

(i) Electronic products are very useful in agriculture, medical, defence, education, commercial, banking and many other fields.
(ii) These products like mobile phones, computers, TV, etc are very popular and affordable.
(iii) That is why the demand for the electronic goods have increased.

(i) Government has also made lot of investment in this industry.
(ii) Many of these were started with foreign aid with latest technology. Thus Indian steel is good and has great demand.

(i) India ranks number seven in deposits of iron ore and fifth in deposits of coal, the two main ingredients for iron and steel industry.
(ii) Moreover, there is great demand for these products. As this is the basic industry.
(iii) Hence India produces them on a large scale and fulfil demand of the world by exporting them.

(i) During the extraction of iron from its ore, almost all coal is consumed.
(ii) Moreover the amount of coal needed for the process is extremely high.
That is why to reduce the cost of transport, these industries are located in coal producing areas. eg. TISCO is located close to Jharia coalfield.

(i) India mainly imports petroleum by sea routes.
(ii) To avoid the cost and the risk of transport these are located on the coastal areas.

(i) These products are cheap, durable, versatile and attractive.
(ii) They can be manufactured on large scale as they do not depend upon climatic factors. That is why demand for articles of petrochemicals have increased.