Geography [3 Mark Question Answer]

Following are the demerits of this transport:
(i) It has a limited carrying capacity due to lack of space coupled with their inability to carry heavy and bulky material.
(ii) It is not affordable to common people as the running costs are too high for common people.
(iii) Weather conditions often cause the hindrances in Air transport.
(iv) They are not available throughout the country.
(v) There are chances of security threats in the form of hijacking.

(i) This is the fastest mode of transport.
(ii) It is free of physical obstacles/barriers like mountain range, Jungles, valleys and deserts.
(iii) Aircrafts can reach the remote and inaccessible part of the Earth.
(iv) Air transport is an important means of transport when speed and time are to be concerned.

(i) Slowest means of transport and hence the goods do not reach the destination on time.
(ii) Are not available in entire country due to varied relief features, seasonal nature of rivers, presence of waterfalls, valleys, etc.
(iii) Oil spills cause ecological damage.
(iv) Accidents due to overcrowding and improper handling of passengers are common.

Importance/Merits of the waterways in India:
(i) They are cheapest mode of transport.
(ii) They do not need construction and much maintenance which reduces the cost.
(iii) Need less fuel compared to other means of transport.
(iv) Can transport heavy and bulky material.

Following are the problems of Indian Railways:
(i) Shifting from one gauge to another is very time consuming and expensive matter. It also hampers the flow of passengers and the goods.
(ii) Perishable goods like milk, vegetables get damaged in case of delay.
(iii) Accidents are frequent due to overcrowded trains and very old tracks that were mainly laid during the British era.
(iv) Many passengers travel without ticket and thus cause economical loss to the railway industry.

(i) Railway network requires tremendous engineering skills, very high cost of construction, and dense population to develop so as to make it economical to run the railways.
(ii) The NE states have rugged topography, dense forests and less density of population.
(iii) These regions have very few minerals and economic activities. That is why, the North Eastern State has lack of railway network.

(i) Heavy and bulky material can be transported.
(ii) Cheaper cost of travelling.
(iii) Safe and comfortable journey due to facilities like sleeper coach, pantry car, washrooms and railway security forces.
(iv) Fast mode of transport compared to roadways and waterways.
(v) No problems of tolls, traffic jams, speed breakers, etc.

Demerits of Road Transport include:
(i) Roads are not suitable for long distance travel.
(ii) Heavy and bulky commodities like coal and iron cannot be carried easily by road.
(iii) More number of vehicles on the road led to accidents and air pollution.
(iv) Road transport is expensive than rail transport.
(v) Travelling time and cost are more by road transport.

Expressways are the best quality of roads with 6 to 8 lanes and which connect multiple cities in less time and with more comfort.
Importance of the expressways:
(i) Expressways have been constructed to ensure smooth and swift travel between major cities.
(ii) These are six lane highways divided in the middle by a wide divider.
(iii) Speed along these roads are generally maintained above 120 km/hr. and hence, it ensures swift transport.

(i) Roads help in the transport of people and goods over short and medium distances.
(ii) They are cheap and easy to construct and maintain.
(iii) Roads can be constructed in hilly areas.
(iv) Roads can act as feeders to Railways.
(v) Roads are more accessible to different places than railways.
(vi) Perishable commodities like milk, fruits and vegetables are quickly carried by roadways.

(i) Needed for movement of goods and people.
(ii) Supply raw material and finished goods.
(iii) Needed for the economic development of the country.
(iv) One of the most important element of the infrastructure. (Basic facilities)
(v) Play major role in speedy help during natural calamities, wars and to reduce their impact.
(vi) They act like blood vessel in the body carrying things to and fro.
(vii) Promotes national integration.

(i) Per capita income is comparatively low and hence all people cannot afford air transport.
(ii) India airways have poor quality services due to lack of funds.
(iii) There are constant strikes, delay in flights and even chances of cancellation. Hence, airways have not developed in India as much as they have in Western countries.

(i) Indian railways are not known for cleanliness.
(ii) They are badly managed.
(iii) Chain pulling, pilferage, travelling without tickets, innumerable unwanted people like beggars, people travelling without reservation overcrowd the trains. That's why, Indian Railways has negative image in the eyes of foreigners and many people of India.

(i) Railways are very cheap compared to airways.
(ii) Railways can carry heavy and bulky material whereas airways cannot.
(iii) Railways are better widespread than airways and thus have better accessibility.

(i) In India, there are three railway gauges.
(ii) Shifting from one to other gauge incurs loss of time, money and needs very large efforts.
(iii) Moreover there are chances of pilferage and damage to fragile goods. That is why, railway gauges should be converted into single gauge.

(i) They help the economy in movement of raw materials to industrial growth finished goods to the market and thus help both the industrial growth an fulfilling demands of people.
(ii) Means of transport help in better supply and development services and communications which are needed for trade and thus for the economy. That is why, transport is called as the lifelines of an economy.

Following are the reasons for this:
(i) It is the slowest means of transport.
(ii) There are lack of security measures.
(iii) It's risky and its prone to accidents.
(iv) It's not available throughout the nation.

(i) Helicopters are widely used in tourism, elections, aerial survey, and corporate travels and also as air ambulance.
(ii) Due to rugged topography and vastness of the country, the demand for helicopter services has increased.

(i) Due to being cheaper and economical mode of transport, waterways are gaining importance in transport.
(ii) As people will use this transport route, the burden on other mode will be reduced.

Due to the following reasons, South Indian rivers are not ideal for the inland water transport:
(i) Most of the south Indian rivers are seasonal.
(ii) South Indian topography is rugged that does not facilitate the development of waterways.

Transport is needed to supply raw material to the industries and the finished products to the consumer. Thus due to development of transport, these things are possible. Moreover it helps in movement of skilled labour, services needed for industrialization and the development of the country.

(i) NE India is mountainous region where construction of land routes is very tough.
(ii) Air transport do not face the problem of physical barriers. Hence one can reach in inaccessible areas to.
(iii) That is why air transport, especially helicopter services have developed well here.

(i) There is plain topography.
(ii) Most of these rivers like Ganga, Yamuna, and Brahmaputra are perennial.
(iii) They have sufficient depth for water transport. That is why, the north Indian rivers are suitable for navigation.

The Northern Plains of India has the densest network of the roads due to following reasons:
(i) Very high density of population where on 33 per cent area of the nation, about 50% population lives.
(ii) The flat terrain favours the road construction.
(iii) Moreover this region is agriculturally rich and massive transport is needed to transport grains, fertilizers and other inputs to the agriculture.

(i) Due to competition among airways companies, prices are getting dropped.
(ii) Economic conditions of Indians too is improving and hence travelling by airways is getting into their reach.
(iii) It is needed in India, as our country is vast and travelling time needed is less.

Due to varied topography, seasonal nature of rivers, insufficient depth of rivers and slow mode of transport, it has not much developed.

(i) Railway journey is comfortable, traffic free, speed breaker and toll free.
(ii) Travelling cost is very cheap compared to roadways. Railways provide security, food and comfort.
(iii) They are much faster than road transport.

(i) Cost of construction is very less compared to the railways. We can travel any time as they are not time bound like railways.
(ii) They can be constructed almost in all terrains. They can take the goods right up to the doorstep off the consumer. They act as feeder for railways.

(i) Cost of construction of roadways is very less than railways.
(ii) They can be constructed even in hilly terrain.
(iii) They provide service right up to the doorstep and are good for short distance travel. These all make them more widely used transport.

(i) The North eastern states like Nagaland, Manipur, Arunachal Pradesh, etc are mountainous region and this have rugged topography,
(ii) Moreover there are thick forests, fast moving rivers and streams, backward economy. That have resulted into low density of transport routes.

(i) The northern plains, with its flat level land, where road construction is easy.
(ii) These are also the areas of high density of population and rich agriculture and need more transport. As roads can be easily constructed than other modes of transport, they are favoured in this region.