Geography [2 Mark Question Answer]

We can utilize the household waste in the following ways:
(i) The household waste like vegetable peels, garden waste can be converted into manure by composting.
(ii) The old cloths like sarees can be used for making quilt, cushion covers etc.

DDT was used as an insecticide. It is fatal to fish. It affects various systems of aquatic animals and is immensely destructive to them.

(i) The harmful chemical substances present in soil dissolve in water and percolates with water, polluting the groundwater.
(ii) Percolation of fertilizers and pesticides from agricultural fields lead to eutrophication in water bodies.
(iii) Polluted soil is infertile and thus becomes unfit for growing crops.

(i) The burning of organic waste releases toxic gases such as carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide and other greenhouse gases.
(ii) Smoke contains particulate matter which can enter lungs and affect respiratory system besides it produce carbon dioxide.
(iii) The smoke when combines with condensed moisture cause smog, which is dangerous for lungs.

(i) When acid rain falls down and flows into the rivers and ponds it increases the acidity of water by affecting ph of water and affects the aquatic ecosystem.
(ii) It alters the chemical composition of the water, to a form which is actually harmful to the aquatic ecosystem to survive and causes water pollution.

Primary treatment for removal of gross impurities involves four stages:
(i) Sedimentation,
(ii) coagulation or flocculation,
(iii) filtration,
(iv) disinfection

Source reduction is definitely good for the environment.
(i) It is actually a better alternative than any other method of waste management.
(ii) In the case of source reduction, if we don't produce the waste in the first place then there is nothing to recycle, incinerate or landfill Source reduction means fewer resources are used in the production of a product.

(i) Waste disposal is the management of waste to prevent harm to the environment, humans, plants and animals.
(ii) Disposal of waste should be done in such a way that it does not cause environmental damage.

(i) Spoilage of landscape is directly related to improper disposal of wastes in open space.
(ii) The waste accumulation ruins the beauty of the land & also provide a home to insects, microorganism, rats, cockroaches etc.
(iii) Sources of these wastes may be paper mills, fertilizers manufacturing units, and mines etc.

Pollution may be described as the unfavourable alteration of our surroundings which occurs mainly because of human activities. Pollution created by waste accumulation is mainly of three types air pollution, water pollution and soil pollution.

Because it can remain active for long time and can enter human body through food, fish, water, which are already affected. They further damage tissues, blood cells and cause cancer.

Liquid management bioremediation, Effluent treatment and Drainage.
Gaseous waste management: Wet scrubbers and Electronic Precipitator.

It is the increasing concentration of various toxic substances along the food chain.

(i) It causes spread of water borne diseases like jaundice, cholera, typhoid etc.
(ii) It also kills the aquatic life.
(iii) It results into shortage of water.

Causes of oil spills: Oil spills may be due to releases of crude oil from tankers, offshore platforms, drilling rigs and wells.
Effects: Sand on beaches gets blackened spoiling the beauty of beaches which affects the tourism. It also stops the oxygenation of water and thus kills the marine life.

An oil spill is the release of liquid petroleum hydrocarbon into the environment, especially marine areas, due to human activity.

Characteristics of hazardous wastes are: Ignitability (unable to be touched), Reactivity, Corrosively and Toxicity.

Effects:
(i) With an increase in nitrates and phosphates, in water there is a rapid growth of microscopic algae.
(ii) This chokes the water body and leads to eutrophication (excessive nutrients in a water body).

Agricultural Water Pollution: The surplus fertilizers from the fields are washed by rain, surface runoff and carried to local water bodies.

(i) Industrial Water Pollution: Industry is a huge source of water pollution, it produces pollutants that are extremely harmful to people and the environment.
(ii) Industrial effluents are discharged from chemical factories, tanneries, textiles, dye, electroplating and plastic industries.

The destruction of something, especially waste material, by burning. Medical wastes are disposed by this method.

It is excessive richness of nutrients in a lake or other body of water, frequently due to run-off from the land, which causes a dense growth of plant life.

Solid waste carried to outskirts and damped. Their effects are:
(i) Waste comes in contact with water sources and pollute it
(ii) It becomes habitat to microorganism and diseases
(iii) Many wetlands get choked
(iv) Death of aquatic ecosystem due to eutrophication. (Any 2 points)

Sources of waste:
(i) Domestic waste: Kitchen waste and left over rubbish like plastic bags, paper, glass, etc.
(ii) Industrial waste: Industries discharging wastes include: textile, chemical, food processing, thermal power plants, etc.

(i) Waste is any unwanted material which has lost all its utility, which occupies space and creating nuisance for us.
(ii) It is material that has adverse impact on environment and human health and hence it is an unwanted substance.