Geography [3 Mark Question Answer]

The effects of water accumulation are:
(i) Degradation of landscape.
(ii) Loss of soil fertility due to soil contamination.
(iii) Air pollution, water pollution, health issues, and even the extinction of terrestrial and aquatic species are various effects of waste accumulation.

(i) It is an ideal method of getting rid of hospital wastes like infectious organs, blood swabs, etc.
(ii) By burning the volume is reduced to 20-30%
(iii) Incineration is an easy and inexpensive method of getting rid of waste.
(iv) Smoke and Ash are the only pollutants that need to be managed safely.

(i) Lead: In children it affects the development of the brain and nervous system. Lead also causes long-term harm in adults, including increased risk of high blood pressure and kidney damage.
(ii) Mercury: harmful effects on the nervous, digestive and immune systems, lungs and kidneys, and may be fatal. The inorganic salts of mercury are corrosive to the skin, eyes and gastrointestinal tract,
(iii) Arsenic: skin cancer, long-term exposure to arsenic may also cause cancers of the bladder and lungs.
(iv) Carbon monoxide: deprives body of O2 causing headaches, fatigue, and impaired vision.

Sulphur dioxide: It mixes with rainwater to form sulphuric acid. It comes down as acid rain. It irritates the nose, throat, and airways to cause coughing, wheezing, shortness of breath, or a tight feeling around the chest. Nitrogen dioxide: Mixes with rainwater to from nitric acid and acid rain. It is a greenhouse gas.
Smog: Reduces visibility and causes asthma.
CFLs: Emitted from refrigerators and sprays and cause depletion of ozone layer.

Increased utilization of resource generate huge waste. Developing countries produce bulk of waste. Improper
dumping of waste has created:
(i) Landscape degeneration
(ii) Pollution of air, water and soil
(iii) Health problems
(iv) Loss of terrestrial and aquatic life

(i) Low Level Wastes (LLW): Generated in hospitals, industries from short lived radioactive materials like plastic, cosmic radiations, etc.
(ii) Intermediate Level Waste (ILW): Include contaminated materials from nuclear reactor decommissioning and chemical sludge.
(iii) High Level Waste: Generated in nuclear fissions which contain fission products, transuranic elements which take long time to decay.
(iv) Transuranic waste: It is generated from nuclear weapons.

(i) It is associated with Health Risks. Biomedical waste contains potentially harmful microorganisms which can infect hospital patients, health workers, and the general public. Other potential infectious risks may include the spread of drug-resistant microorganisms from health facilities into the environment.
(ii) It is mainly treated by incineration that is burning it at very high temperature. Bottles, needles can be recycled.

(i) E-waste is electronic products that are unwanted, not working, and nearing or at the end of their "useful life."
(ii) E-WASTE: Contain electronic goods-televisions, refrigerators, computers, etc. These goods cannot be recycled and are dumped as scrape.
(iii) We can reduce this kind of waste by recycling which complete segregation of parts and materials that is then used to build new electronic products.

(i) Agricultural wastes : Fertilizers and Pesticides run down into the water bodies.
Nitrates and phosphates contaminate water and cause undesirable effect.
Cattle waste, animal carcasses are carried down by rivers and pollute them.
(ii) Biomedical waste: Generated in hospitals, clinics and pathological laboratories.
Pathology: organs, tissues, blood, urine, Infections: needled, syringes, etc. contaminated with disease causing bacteria, outdated drugs and chemicals.etc.
(iii) Radioactive waste: Generated in nuclear fuel cycle, testing weapons, naturally occurring radioactive metals.

(i) Biodegradable wastes: kitchen wastes, green wastes, etc.
(ii) Recyclable wastes: bottles, glasses, plastic, etc.
(iii) Composite wastes: tetra packs, plastic bags, etc.
(iv) Domestic wastes: paints, e-waste, chemicals, etc.

(i) It is essential to have proper disposal of waste so as to reduce the harmful impact on plant, animals, humans and overall environment.
(ii) It's essential for the present and future generation too.

(i) Animals such as cows, buffaloes and goats die of eating plastic wastes.
(ii) The waste from inorganic fertilizer and pesticide residues are responsible for killing several types of soil organisms, worms, etc.

This veterinary drug found present in the dead bodies of animals.
When these animals were eaten by vultures, who are the scavengers in ecosystem, started getting extinct and hence government banned it.

(i) Its effects are seen in the shells of eggs of birds when the birds eat the plant sprayed with DDT.
(ii) Aquatic animals like tortoise, fish, and turtles die when they consume fish which are killed by DDT.

(i) It causes diarrhoea, weight loss, lowered fertility, reduced milk production in milch animals.
(ii) This results not only in death of animals but also economic loss to the people.

(i) Marine wildlife such as seabirds, whales, fish and turtles mistake may consider plastic as their food and when they feed on it, they die of starvation when their stomach is filled with plastic.
(ii) They also suffer from infections, reduced ability to swim, and internal injuries.

It is increasing due to
(i) Increased use of fossil fuels.
(ii) Increased deforestation.
(iii) Increased number of industries which release harmful gases.

(i) It causes spoilage of beaches.
(ii) Oil consists of compounds can cause severe health problems like heart damage, stunted growth, immune system effects, and even death.
(iii) When oil sticks to a bird's feathers, the feathers get detached and make birds flightless.

(i) Marine species ingest or are entangled by plastic debris, which causes severe injuries and death.
(ii) Marine pollution occurs due to release of untreated sewage water, industrial water etc. and this pollution threatens food safety and quality, human health, coastal tourism, and contributes to climate change.
(iii) That is why there is an acute need to control marine pollution.

(i) Sewage contains harmful microorganisms such as bacteria, viruses and protozoa which cause various diseases like cholera, jaundice, dysentery etc.
(ii) Direct contact with sewage or surfaces contaminated by sewage can result in illnesses and also skin diseases.
(iii) That is why Sewage water must be treated before releasing in river.

(i) Chemical fertilizers cause salination of land, death of useful microorganisms present in soil, and also leads to eutrophication.
(ii) Compost use the naturally available nutrients and thus cause the increased fertility of soil with minimum side effects. That is why, There is a need to use compost in place of chemical fertilizers.

(i) The main aims of programme are treating sewerage infrastructure, achieving biodiversity, developing riverfronts, cleaning river surfaces, enabling afforestation, monitoring industrial effluents and increasing awareness among the public.
(ii) This all is not possible if the river is polluted especially the Ganga river system that harbours around 33% population of India.

(i) More the number of people, more will be the production, utilization, marketing of various products.
(ii) That leads to waste generation at every stage. That is why, Urbanization and increased waste generation go hand in hand.

(i) This petrol consists of lead which damage the brain of children.
(ii) It can also cause cancer,

(i) It causes spread of foul smell and spread of diseases.
(ii) It becomes breeding ground for pathogens and insects.
(iii) It causes leaching of hazardous chemicals.