BIOLOGY [5 Mark Question Answer]

Any of the diseases and disorders that affect human respiration are called Respiratory diseases. Diseases of the respiratory system may affect any of the structures and organs that have to do with breathing, including the nasal cavities, the pharynx (or throat), the larynx, the trachea (or windpipe), the bronchi and bronchioles, the tissues of the lungs, and the respiratory muscles of the chest cage.

1. Bronchitis — It is a respiratory infection in which the lining of the bronchi becomes inflamed. As this irritated membrane begins to swell, it narrows or shuts off the bronchial passages, resulting in breathlessness and coughing spells.
2. Asthma — It is a chronic disease that also causes inflammation and swelling in the airways. But this happens periodically. During an asthmatic attack, a patient experiences tightness in the chest, shortness of breath, and wheezing. This condition improves considerably with medication.
3. Pneumonia — It is a respiratory infection caused by bacteria. This bacteria enters the air sacs, multiplies there and the air sacs may get filled with fluid. This disease causes chest pain, chills, and high fever.

The physical process, by which the air containing oxygen is drawn into the lungs and air containing carbon dioxide is forced out from the lungs are called breathing. Breathing involves two steps, inhalation (inspiration) and exhalation (expiration).
Inhalation (Inspiration)

1. Ribs move upwards and outwards.
2. The diaphragm is pushed downwards and flattens.
3. The volume of the chest cavity increases.
4. Lungs expand, air pressure becomes low.
5. Atmospheric air at higher pressure rushes into the lungs

Exhalation (Expiration)

1. Ribs move downwards and inward.
2. The diaphragm moves upwards and becomes dome-shaped.
3. The volume of the chest cavity decreases.
4. Lung size reduces, air pressure becomes high.
5. Air rushes out of lungs as atmospheric air pressure is lower.

Breathing is a necessary function for human beings. It supplies oxygen for a process called cellular respiration, which is how cells manufacture the energy they need for their life functions.
There are lots of things that can affect the rate of breathing in humans and they are:

1. Exercise is one of those things, particularly aerobic exercise. Aerobic exercise is any exercise that causes the person to breathe more, such as running jogging, playing basketball, football, running track, or playing soccer.
2. Even the Breathing rate also changes while the person is sleeping, sitting at rest, or even after climbing the stairs.
3. Another factor that can influence the breathing rate is allergic reactions to stimuli from the environment, such as pollen. This can inflame the passageways leading to the lungs, making them smaller, requiring more air.
4. Smoking is a habit that can influence the development of lung cancer, which in turn influences the rate a person breathes.
5. Nervous conditions and reactions to stimuli also influence the breathing rate, such as the fumed “fight or flight” syndrome.