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Geography [4 Mark Question Answer]

Migration · ICSE STD 8 (ICSE - English Medium). 10 questions.

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[4 Mark Question Answer]

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10 questions · timed · auto-graded

Question 14 Marks
What are the negative impacts of brain drain?
Answer
  1. A net decrease in the country of people with professional and technological qualifications.
  2. The reduction of qualified and technical people in the country will impact the development and growth of the nation.
  3. Remittances may taper off after some time as prices may increase.
  4. Reduced quality of essential services of health and education in the migrant’s home country.
  5. Government and private scholarships to study abroad will cause drainage of talent and skills in the country.
  6. With migrants returning home with plenty of money, vast disparity can develop between the incomes of the locals and the migrants.
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Question 24 Marks
What are the disadvantages of migration to the migrants as well as the destination countries?
Answer
  1. Migration has some serious disadvantages for the migrants as well as their destination countries.
    1. Job loss $—$ Many migrants entering a new country rob the job opportunities of the locals because they $($the migrants$)$ are willing to work for a lower pay. Many people in the $US$ harbour a sense of resentment towards migrants from South$-$east Asia, South Asia, Central and Latin America because they believe the migrants have taken over their jobs.
    2. Social and civic pressures develop as migrants entering the new country put pressure on the existing infrastructure and health and educational facilities meant for the local people.. The prices of such amenities shoot up, causing hardship to all.
    3. Immigration can fuel racism and discrimination. Immigrants are often considered different different because they speak a different language, dress differently, worship in another way or have different sets of customs. This sense of difference leads to discrimination and the local people oppose to accepting the migrants as a part of the general community.
    4. Local traditions and cultures are greatly affected because of the introduction of new or alien cultures, traditions and forms of worship. Many people from West Asia and South Asia feel discriminated against in the West because of their dressing habits and religious practices.
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Question 34 Marks
Why do people migrate? Explain with examples.
Answer
People migrate due to the push factors or pull factors :
$1.$ Push factors
These are the reasons which force people to leave a place. Some of them are :
  • A lack of job in their own country.
  • War like situations
    Example $–$ Thousands of Syrians are escaping the violent war in Syria and migrating to safer countries.
  • Food and essentials become scarce and expensive due to famine or political instability.
    For example $–$ The economic crisis in Greece in $2015$ led to severe shortages of food and medicine, forcing people to migrate. The severe food grain shortage in Nigeria in $2016$ forced many Nigerians to migrate to neighbouring countries.
  • Natural disasters:
    For example : The $2015$ earthquake in Nepal caused many people to migrate to India.
$2.$ Pull factors
These are the reasons which attract people to a new place. These include :
  • Job opportunities in the new country. For example, many Indians migrate to Canada and Australia for jobs.
  • Education $–$ Many students leave India to study abroad.
  • Availability of better medical facilities.
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Question 44 Marks
What are the socio$-$economic advantages of migration which the destination country experiences?
Answer
Some of the socio$-$economic advantages which the destination country experiences are :
  1. Cheap labour $—$ Many migrants work for a lower wage than local people in unskilled jobs. For example many Indians work in countries like $\text{UAE}$ and Saudi Arabia for lower wages.
  2. Technical and skilled labour $—$ Highly skilled migrants are talented in fields such as computer technology, medicine, teaching, space data, etc. For example, the Silicon Valley in $\text{USA}$ has more Indian and Chinese scientists and technicians than Americans.
  3. Cultural Diversity $—$ Immigrants bring their own rich and diverse culture and traditions when they arrive in a new country. Sharing of culture, traditions and knowledge helps remove racism and discrimination. For example, German migrants to Canada have introduced their cuisine $($food$)$ and religion $($Protestantism$)$ to Canada.
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Question 54 Marks
Briefly explain any four push factors of migration.
Answer
The reason people are forced to leave a place is called the push factor. Some of the push factors are :
  1. Lack of Job Opportunities : People living in villages often move to cities and towns in search of better job opportunities. In India, lots of people from Bihar, Jharkhand and West Bengal move to Punjab, Haryana and Delhi in search of better job opportunities.
  2. Lack of Available Land : Sometimes farmers cannot make a living in their own country because there is a shortage of land, or the quality of land is too poor. In such cases, such people move to places where land is available.
  3. Religious Tolerance : Sometimes when people of a particular
    religion are persecuted or when sects are not tolerated, then in order to escape repression people move to place where they are allowed to practice their religion without any danger of being repressed.
  4. Political Freedom : People sometimes move because they are not happy with the form of government in their own country. Wars also force people to migrate. People may leave a country to avoid subjection to a new regime, to avoid a war or because they have lost their homes and farms in the war.
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Question 64 Marks
Briefly explain any four pull factors of migration.
Answer
The reason why people are attracted to a new place is known as the pull factor. It includes :
  1. Job Opportunities : Many people move to other cities within the country or to other countries because of better job and career prospects. These people are also attracted by higher salaries and better quality of life. We have seen recently lots of Indian $IT$ professionals migrating to $US$ for better career
    progression and higher incomes.
  2. Education : Many people leave their own country because of educational reasons. They find superior career prospects and increased income because of studying abroad. Many students from India and other Asian countries migrate to the $\text{USA}$, the $UK$ and Australia for further studies in the areas of medicine, engineering and management studies.
  3. Medical Care : People migrate to other places because of better medical care and superior medical facilities. Cities with bigger hospitals, well$-$known doctors and medical experts, and technically advanced medical systems attract people to move here.
  4. Attraction of Wealth : Sometimes the main motive of migration is to earn quick wealth. Discoveries of minerals, especially gold and oil have drawn people from all over the world. Central Australia, Central and South America and South Africa gained population partly because of its gold mines.
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Question 74 Marks
Distinguish between the pull and push factors.
Answer
Push factors  Pull factors
These factors force the people to leave a place. These factors attract people to new places.
Lack of job, war, natural disaster or political instability are some of the push factors. Job opportunities, better education and health services are some of the pull factors.
Examples $–$ Thousands of people from Syria are migrating to safer countries due to war, The $2015$ earthquake in Nepal caused many people to migrate to India. Examples $–$ Many students leave India to study abroad, many people migrate to Canada and Australia for better jobs.
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Question 84 Marks
Name and write brief notes on the four types of migration based on direction of movement.
Answer
Four types of migration based on the direction of movement are:
  1. Rural to Urban migration $—$ People move from villages to cities mainly in search of better job, educational opportunities, urban lifestyle and health services. Such migration is common in developing countries like India, South Africa and Brazil.
  2. Rural to Rural migration $—$ People move from one village to another village due to acquisition of property, marriage, better resources, fertile land for farming, etc.
  3. Urban to Urban migration $—$ People move from one city to another city, generally a larger one, in search of better job, educational facilities, health services, etc. For example, students and professionals from cities like Patna, Lucknow go to Delhi, Mumbai in search of better opportunities. This migration also happens when the population of a city becomes too big and affects the quality of life. For example, people from Delhi are moving to Gurugram and Noida. Shifting of a large government office or company from one
    city to another also causes large$-$scale migration of people from one city to another.
  4. Urban to Rural migration $—$ People move back from cities to their homes in villages due to ancestral property, marriage, inability to find proper shelter or suitable job, high cost of living, traffic and pollution. For example, conservative countries like Pakistan and Afghanistan show urban$-$rural migration.
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Question 94 Marks
Explain the different types of migrations.
Answer
There are different types of migration :
  1. Internal migration $—$ People move from one place to another within the country.
  2. External migration $—$ People move to a new country or continent.
  3. Temporary migration $—$ It includes migration which is annual, seasonal or daily. For example, people may move to lower regions from mountains during harsh winter months.
  4. Emigration $—$ When a person leaves his or her own country and moves to another. The person who emigrates is known as an emigrant from his or her own country. For example, when a person leaves India and goes to Canada to settle there, that person is said to have emigrated from India to Canada.
  5. Immigration $—$ When a person arrives in a new country after leaving his or her own country. For example, when a person arrives in Canada from India that person is said to have immigrated to Canada and is known as an immigrant in Canada.
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Question 104 Marks
Give two positive effects of brain drain.
Answer
  1. Better employment opportunities for educated and skilled workers that may not be available in their own country.
  2. The migrant’s country will prosper as more money $($foreign exchange$)$ will enter the country.
  3. Migrants returning home will invest in their own business and thereby boost development and employment in the country.
  4. There will be greater technology transfer, greater investments and capital brought back by the diaspora returning home.
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