Geography [2 Mark Question Answer]

Tropic of Cancer passes midway across India, so, there is summer season in July, while in December the sun is vertical on the Tropic of Capricorn in the southern hemisphere, so India experiences the winter season. So naturally, December is cooler than July.

During the day the sea breeze blowing from the sea towards land keeps the coastal region cool and during the night land breeze blowing from land towards the sea makes the sea cooler. This interchange of breeze maintains the heat balance resulting in the mild climate of the coastal regions with lower daily and annual ranges of temperature

Due to the spherical shape of the earth, the temperature zone gets less insolation resulting in a moderate climate with normal temperatures ranging from 15°C to 30°C. The duration of sunshine is greater in summer than in winter. So the summer is warm and winter is cold

Due to the physical property of water, which is heated up and cooled down slowly with respect to the land. So, the coastal areas experience mild climate with the least range of temperature, while the regions far from the sea are affected by extreme climate with a maximum range of temperature.

Two advantages of convectional heating of the atmosphere are as follows: 

1.  At night, the atmosphere acts like a greenhouse and keeps the earth's surface warm by preventing the terrestrial radiation from escaping into space.
2. During the day, the atmosphere absorbs 14% of insolation and thus regulates temperature on earth.

The amount of solar energy received by the earth is called insolation, but only one part out of two billion parts reaches the earth. So, out of total 100% solar energy only 51% reaches the earth, 35% reflected back to into space and only 14% is absorbed by the ozone layer

The sun continuously radiates heat and light energy in all directions. It is known as solar radiation. Solar radiation is the only primary source of light and heat on the earth. The earth receives its heat from solar radiation which is a tiny fraction of the radiated energy of the sun.

The areas situated in higher latitudes have a cold climate. In winter, these areas have temperatures below the freezing point (0°C). But the coast of Norway is never frozen. Its ports are ice-free. North Atlantic Drift (Gulf Stream currents) flows along its coast. It is a warm current which raises the winter temperatures of this area.

The sun is overhead at noon. The Sun rays are almost vertical. But in the morning and evening, the angle of sun rays is oblique. Slanting rays fall in the morning and evening. Vertical rays are hotter than slanting rays. As the vertical rays give more heat per unit area, the noon is hotter than morning and evening.

Mean annual temperature is 3.5°C.
The range of temperature is 20°C.
It is located in Northern hemisphere.

The world distribution of temperature generally shows a decrease in insolation from the Equator towards the poles. But this pattern is not everywhere the same. Three chief characteristics are the distance from the sea, physical properties of land and ocean (water), Height from the sea level.

Heat budget is actually the Heat Balance of incoming and outgoing radiation.
The incoming solar radiation comes towards earth in short waves and provides heat to the earth as insolation in the day and again this insolation is given back by terrestrial radiation at night. This balance is called a heat budget.

Due to the warm effect of the Gulf Stream and North Atlantic Drift, the ports of Western Europe remain ice-free in winter to motivate successful international oceanic trade, e.g., London, Calais, Lisbon, Amsterdam, Brest, Le Havre, etc.

Desert areas are covered with large sand plains. The physical property of the sand is to heat up quickly and cool down abruptly; so the day temperature is very high and the night temperature is very less.

North India comes in temperate zone, while South India comes in Torrid Zone situated in the North and South of Tropic of Cancer. So North Indian places have greater range, which is greatest in the Desert of Rajasthan.