Biology 1 Marks Question

1. Amoeba
2. Entamoeba

Michell.

Wriggling, cilia, mucilage propulsion, pseudopodia.

1. Cuscuta.
2. Venus fly-trap.

Glycogen and fat.

Treponema denticola, Torale, Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coll. They are called coliforms.

Archaea and Bacteria.

Aristotle divided animals in two groups. These are Enaima (with red blood) and Anaima (without red blood).

Because they do not grow in polluted areas.

Neomycin and Streptomycin.

Linnaeus proposed the two kingdom classification in 1758.

Pleuropneumonia like organism, Mycoplasma.

Ascospores; they are formed in asci (ascus-singular).

Puccinia graminis tritici causes black stem rust of wheat.

1. Aplanospores.
2. Conidia.

1. Protista.
2. Plantae.

S.No.	Chrysophytes	Dinoflagellates
1.	They are the planktons that passively float on the surface of water.	They have two flagella for locomotion.
2.	Silica is deposited on the cellulosic cell wall	Silica is not found in the cell walls.
3.	Cell wall occurs as two thin overlapping shells that fit together as in a soap box.	Cell wall occurs as stiff plates on the outer surface.
4.	They do not release any toxins.	They release some toxin, which kill fish populations.

The separation of fibres from soft tissue is called retting of fibres, e.g., jute, flax. Bacterium used for this is Pseudomonas fluoroscens.

1. They have no cell wall.
2. They engulf/ingest organic food material.
3. They exhibit amoeboid movement.

Capsid is a proteinaceous covering around the virus. It protects the nucleoid from damage from physical and chemical agents.

Gonyaulax are important because:

1. They have red coloured pigments present in their cells make the sea glow red. They are called red tides.
2. They produce toxins such as saxitoxin that kills the fish.

1. W.M. Stanley.
2. M.W. Beijerinek.

1. Lichen.
2. Mycorrhizae.

It is a cell in certain fungi in which two genetically different nuclei are present after plasmogamy.

Diatomaceous earth refers to the deposits of the nearly indestructible siliceous cell wall of diatoms in the ocean floor.

• It is used in filtration of oils and syrups.
• It is used in polishing of metals.

Classification of organisms into plants and animals was easily done and was easy to understand.

• Both are formed within the sporangia.
• Zoospores are motile and aplanospores are non motile.

Monera.

Basidiomycetes (the club fungi) are the most advanced and most commonly seen fungi.

Heterocyst.

Bacteria are prokaryotes which belong to kingdom-Monera. Monerans do not have nuclear membrane enclosing the nucleus of the cell.

Food poisoning is caused by Streptomyces aureus.

Cell wall and chloroplasts are absent in cells of members of kingdom-Animalia.

Because viruses are composed of a nucleic acid (either DNA or RNA) and a protein coat capsid.

D.I. Ivanowsky discovered tobacoo mosaic virus.

Lysozyme is present in the region that comes in contact with host cell.

Methanogens.

The saprotrophic Basidiomycetes can decompose plant matter because they have enzymes for metabolising both cellulose and lignin.

This is because pseudoparenchyma is formed by close packing, and fusion of hyphae. Individual hyphae are not distinguishable.

Monera, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia.

1. Cholera: Vibrio cholerae.
2. Typhoid: Salmonella typhii.

Monera.

Spirogyra.

Euglena, dinoflagellates and zooflagellates.

Gonyaulax.

Viroids.

Eukaryota.

Mycorrhiza can be of two types:

1. Ectomycorrhiza.
2. Endomycorrhiza.

1. Members of both the classes have septate and branched mycelia.
2. They reproduce asexually by conidia formation.

Karyogamy and meiosis occur in a basidium, as soon as it is formed.

Mode of nutrition in which organism derive nourishment from both autotropic and heterotrophic mechanisms,e.g., Euglena.

Algae, bryophytes, pteridophytes, gymnosperms and angiosperms.

They have an infectious spore-like stage in their life cycle; hence, they are called sporozoans.

Dinoflagellates are unicellular eukaryotes. Most of them have two flagella; one lies longitudinally and the other transversely in a furrow between the wall plates. Dinoflagellates belongs to kingdom protista.

Copeland (1956).

Nostoc.

Sponges, coelenterates, helminthes, annelids, arthropods, molluscs, Echinodermata, amphibian, reptiles, ayes and mammals.

The fungi, which grow on the dung of animals, are called coprophilous fungi.

Fungi are known to grow well in moist, dark and warm places so, they can be commonly seen in any habitat where organic matter and moisture are available.

It is because viruses can multiply inside their specific host cells only; outside the host cells, they are inert.

Eukaryotes are those living beings in which there is a well defined nucleus.

Conidia are produced exogenously (outside on the conidiophores) while aplanospores are formed endogenously (within the sporangia).

Zoospore.

Basidiomycetes.

1. Single-stranded RNA.
2. Double-stranded DNA.

It is made of polysaccharides and amino acids.

Bacteriophages are those viruses which infect bacteria.

1. Heterocysts.
2. Nostoc, Anabaena.

1. They are non-cellular organisms.
2. They have an inert crystalline structure outside their host cell.

Viroid is a free RNA; it lacks the protein coat that is found in viruses, hence the name viroid. The RNA of the viroid is of low molecular weight. Viroids are smaller than virus.

Lactobacillus.

In five kingdom system of classification given by Whittaker, four kingdoms include eukaryotes; Protista, Fungi, Plantae and Animalia.

Acellular slime moulds are consumer-decomposer protists which have a diploid somatic phase represented by Plasmodium, cellulose covered spores for dispersal and haploid swarm cells or myxoamoebae for sexual reproduction.

• Ustilago causes smut disease.
• Puccinia causes rust disease.

1. Plasmodium causes malaria.
2. Entamoeba histolytica causes amoebic dysentery.
3. Trypanosoma causes sleeping sickness.

1. Monera
2. Fungi.

Pseudopodia help in

1. locomotion and
2. food capture.

It is the specialised cell in which atmospheric nitrogen is fixed by Nostoc.

Bacteria cause several diseases in human.Some of them are as follows:
Tetanus, Tuberculosis, Cholera, etc.

Plantae, Protista and Animalia.

Because they all have a cell wall.

Mycoplasma.

Parasites have phagotrophic and absorptive type of nutrition.

1. Cilia help in locomotion.
2. They also help in steering the water laden with food materials into the gullet, i.e. help in food capture.

The pellicle makes it flexible.

Binary fission.

Halophiles contain a chemical called halorhodopsin that pumps chlorides into the cells and prevents cellular dehydration.

• T.O. Diener discovered viroids.
• Potato spindle tuber disease.

Chrysophyta.

Pellicle, a protein-rich layer.

Griffith.

Silica.

Nucleus is membrane bound structure located in centre of enkaryotic cell while necleoid is a membraneless structure found in prokaryotic cell (false nuleus).

They play an important role in the recycling of nutrients like nitrogen, iron, sulphur and phosphorus.

Kingdom Monera.

• In the presence of sunlight, they are photosynthetic and autotrophs.
• In the absence of sunlight, they are predators(heterotrophs) of other smaller organisms.

Lichens are dual organisms which contain a fungus or mycobiont and an alga or phycobiont.

Viruses and viroids.

Dolipores or central pores are barrel-shaped outgrowths present in septa of class-Basidiomycetes (club fungi).

It occurs by conjugation. It involves transfer of genetic material from one bacterium to another through cell to cell contact.

Kingdom Monera.

Cyanobacteria are prokaryotic organisms belonging to kingdom-Monera.

They are referred to as saprotrophs because they are heterotrophs and absorb soluble organic matter from the dead and decaying organic substrates.

Ernst Haeckel (1866).

Plasmogamy.

As per three-domain system; living beings are divided into three domains, viz. Archaea, Bacteria and Eukaryota.

Diatoms are called the jewels of the plant kingdom because of cell wall ornamentation and presence of golden brown chromatophores. There are two types of diatoms, i.e., the pennate diatom and centric diatom. Pennate diatoms are like small rectangular soap boxes. Centric diatoms are circular.

Cysts formation helps to overcome unfavourable condition for reproduction.

Viruses pass through the bacteria-proof filters.

Saprophytic.

Body organisation in members of Kingdom-Animalia is cellular, tissue, organ and organ system level.

Due to the presence of rapid asexual reproduction.

When female mosquitoes like Anopheles, suck human blood, it simultaneously injects a poisonous liquid containing the protozoan cells into our blood. This poison causes the itching and causes swelling of the area.

Diatoms and desmids.

• Louis Pasteur gave the term 'virus'.
• It means venom or poisonous fluid.

Archaebacteria.

1. Eukarya.
2. Chlorophyll.
3. Mycoplasma.
4. Holozoic.
5. Chitin.

Gametangial copulation, e.g., Rhizopus, Mucor, etc.

1. The cell wall of fungi is made of chitin, while that of plants is made of cellulose.
2. All fungi are heterotrophs and non-chlorophyllous while all plants are autotrophs and chlorophyllous.

Gonyaulax.

A virus cannot grow on non-living culture medium because it needs living cells for its metabolism and multiplication.