Distinguish Between :

Question 14 Marks

Cations and Anions

Answer

Cations	Anions
$(i)$ Cations are positively charged ions.	$(i)$ Anions are negatively charged ions.
$(ii)$ Generally, metals produce cations. Eg. $: Na^+$ (sodium ion), $K^+$ (potassium ion)	$(ii)$ Generally nonmetals produce anions. Eg. $: Cl^-$ (chloride ion), $Br^-$ (bromide ion).
$(iii)$ During electrolysis cations are discharged at cathode.	$(iii)$ During electrolysis anions are discharged at anode.

Question 24 Marks

Atoms and Ions

Answer

Atoms	Ions
$(i)$ An atom is electrically neutral.	$(i)$ Ion is an atom or group of atoms which is either positively charged or negatively charged, formed due to loss or gain of electrons
$(ii)$ An atom has all the properties of the parent element.	$(ii)$ An ion does not has properties of the parent element.
$(iii)$ An atom may or may not have an independent existence.	$(iii)$ An ion does not has an independent existence.
$(iv)$ In an atom, the outermost orbit may be unstable. Eg. $: Na$ (Sodium), $K$ (Potassium) $Na (2, 8, 1), K (2, 8, 8, 1)$	$(iv)$ In an ion, the outermost orbit is stable. Eg.$: Na^+$ (sodium ion), $K^+$ (potassium ion) $Na^+ (2, 8), K^+ (2, 8, 8)$

Question 34 Marks

Calcination and Roasting

Answer

Calcination	Roasting
(i) The process by which carbonate ores are first converted into oxides is called calcination.	(i) The process by which sulphide ores are converted into oxides is called Roasting.
(ii) In this process, the ore is strongly heated in a limited supply of air.	(ii) In this process, ore is strongly heated in air
(iii) During calcination $CO _2$ is evolved.	(iii) During roasting $SO _2$ is evolved.
(iv) Example : $ZnCO _3 \rightarrow ZnO + CO _2 \uparrow$	(iv) Example : $2 ZnS +3 O _2 \rightarrow 2 ZnO +2 SO _2$

Question 44 Marks

Metals and Non - metals. (based on chemical properties)

Answer

Metals	Non - metals
(i) Atoms of metals usually have 1, 2 or 3 electrons in their outermost orbit	(i) Atoms of non - metals usually have 4, 5, 6 or 7 electrons in their outermost orbit.
(ii) Metals lose electrons from their outermost orbits to form positive ions.	(ii) Non - Metals gain electrons to form negative ions.
(iii) Metals are electro positive	(iii) Non - metals are electro negative
(iv) Mostly metals form basic oxides.	(iv) Non - metals form acidic oxides.
(v) Metals are reducing agents.	(v) Non - Metals are oxidizing agents.
(vi) Metals displaces hydrogen from dilute acids and form the corresponding salts.	(vi) Non - metals generally do not react with dilute mineral acids

Question 54 Marks

Metals and Non - metals. (based on physical properties).

Answer

Metals	Non - metals
(i) Metals are solid at room temperature with the exception of mercury and gallium which are in liquid state at room temperature.	(i) Non - metals are either solid or gaseous state with the exception of bromine which is in liquid state.
(ii) Metals have lustre in their pure state and can be polished to give a highly reflective surface.	(ii) Non - metals usually do not have lustre except iodine and diamond.
(iii) Metals are malleable i.e they can be hammered into thin sheets.	(iii) Non - metals are not malleable.
(iv) Metals are ductile i.e they can be drawn into wires.	(iv) Non - metals are not ductile.
(v) Metals are good conductors of heat and electricity	(v) Non - metals do not conduct heat and electricity except graphite as it is good conductor of electricity
(vi) Metals have high density	(vi) Non - metals have low densities.
(vii) Metals are sonorous	(vii) Non - metals are not sonorous
(viii) Metals are hard. Exceptions: Li, Na and K are soft metals and can be cut easily with a knife	(viii) Non - metals are not hard. Exception: Diamond
(ix) Metals have high melting and boiling points. Exception: Na, K are having low melting and boiling points.	(ix) Non - metals have low melting and boiling points.

Science Distinguish Between :