Social Studies Anwer in brief

i. The women's movements of the pre- independence period were driven by the progressive men of that period.
ii. These movements aimed at eliminating injustice against women, ending their exploitation, helping them to lead a respectful life and ensuring their active participation in social life.
iii. The initiative to abolish the practices of Sati and child marriage was taken by several reformists including Ishwarchandra Vidyasagar, Raja Rammohan Roy, Mahatma Jyotirao Phule, Savitribai Phule, Maharshee Dhondo Keshav Karve, Pandita Ramabai and Ramabai Ranade.
[Students can write any two examples of reformers.]
iv. They also made possible several reforms like widow remarriage, women education and right to vote to women.

i. Environmental degradation is a serious problem at both, national and international level.
ii. Significant international cooperation is seen in this field, with movements mainly aimed at reducing or preventing environmental degradation.
iii. The environmental movements in India take up issues like protection of bio-diversity, protecting different sources of water, protection of forests and green belt. Also preventing pollution of rivers and reducing the use of chemicals and their ill-effects, etc.
iv. For e.g. Dr. Rajendra Singh brought about 'Water revolution' in Rajasthan. He formed an organisation 'Tarun Bharat Sangh' which worked for building eleven thousand Johad in hundreds of villages.

i. From 1980s, workers' movements started getting disintegrated. They were mainly affected by globalisation.
ii. In India, workers are facing different problems like unstable employment conditions, contract labour, financial insecurity, absence of legal protection, unlimited working hours, insecurity at the workplace, health hazards, etc.

i. The farmers' movement started in India when the farmers organised themselves against the antiagricultural policies of the British colonial government. For e.g. Farmer's movements in Bardoli, Champaranya, etc. These movements were inspired by the thoughts of Mahatma Phule, Justice Ranade and Mahatma Gandhi.
ii. The reforms in agriculture including the tenancy laws and laws relating to tilling of the land slowed down the farmers' movement. Later, the Green Revolution, which was aimed at increasing agricultural production and achieving self-sufficiency in food grains, did not benefit poor farmers. Thus, It created a divide between the rich and poor farmers.
iii. This dissatisfaction among the poor farmers led to the beginning of farmers' movement which then became more active and effective.
iv. Some of the demands of the farmers' movements included appropriate pricing of agricultural products, giving the status of an industry to agriculture, accepting the recommendations of Swaminathan Commission, debt relief, debt cancellation, implementation of national policy for agriculture, etc.
v. Some of the important farmers' organisations in India include Shetkari Sanghatana, Bharatiya Kisan Union and All India Kisan Sabha.