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Question 14 Marks

The process of urbanisation began in the Neolithic age.

Answer

Settling down at one place for a long time, a feeling of ownership arose among the neolithic people.
Gradually villages expanded, creating awareness of collective land holdings, making village boundaries prominent.
Awareness of the natural right over a particular region, known as ‘territoriality’ arose.
Rules and social norms were created to manage the collective resources, water resources, crafts, dependent on it, trade, and community life, resulting in rituals gaining importance.
Administrative centers rose to manage and keep records of trade, rituals, and writing systems.
With the increase in population, officials, and occupations, the periphery of the original settlement kept expanding, cities came into existence and the process of urbanisation began in the Neolithic age.

Question 24 Marks

Paleolithic camp ‘Ohalo’

Answer

‘Ohalo’ is a Palaeolithic campsite near the Sea of Galilee.
At Ohalo the evidence of barley, other cereals, and seeds of fruits have been found, along with traces of human occupation.
Various weeds, in the form of seeds, have been found with cultivated crops.
Cereals found at Ohalo were remains of cultivated crops and not of the wild variety.
Grinding stones found from Ohalo, reveal that cereals were first ground (grinding) and then cooked.

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