Sociology Write short notes.

Mores : Mores are more rigid than folkways. They are instruments of social control and deals with higher values of people. Example, sexual relations before marriage are not permitted.

Law : Law is an important and essential element of society.
They are deliberately formulated rules of behaviour. It is universal in nature and common for all to follow. There are two types of law- Customary Law and Enacted Law.

1. Customary law – It is not in a written form but orally transmitted. It is followed in tribal as well as in rural society.
2. Enacted law – This law is in a written form. It is important as well as obligatory in a modern, complex and dynamic society. For example, The Hindu Marriage Act, 1955; The Domestic Violence Act, 2005.

1. Physical proximity : This is essential for a primary group as people have close relations with each other. Hence, they experience physical proximity.
2. Smallness of the group : These social groups are small in size and bring out the close relations among its members.
3. Permanence of relationship : Close relations create more unity among the members.
4. Face-to-face relationship : These social groups are small in size and are based on greater closeness. It is useful for maintaining group stability.
5. Similar objectives and goals : This group is homogeneous in nature. Hence, there is uniformity of objectives and goals among its members.
6. The relationship is an end in itself: The relationships in this group are very natural.
7. Informal control: This group is conventional and based on emotional bonds.

(ii) Society includes difference : A society together with likeness is also based on differences. Differences is an important factor for a healthy society. Different types of personalities are essential in our society in order to satisfy the different needs. These differences are based on sex, age, physical strength, intelligence, talent, personality and unequal possessions of material objects and wealth.

(iii) Interdependence : Individuals in a society depend upon one another for the satisfaction of needs. One group, one nation, one community depends upon the other for its development, t Interdependence is seen in family groups as well. The existence of society depends upon different types of social relationships.

(iv) Co-operation : Every society is characterized by co-operation and division of labour. It is necessary for survival.

(v) Normative nature : In a society, social behaviour is evaluated by social control. These controlling means are known as norms. Norms control the misbehaviour or the acts which are harmful to society thus protecting the society.

(vi) Society is dynamic : No society is static. It changes continuously; old customs, traditions, I values, norms and institutions replace the new customs, traditions, values, norms and institutions.

1. Role performance : The way a person actually plays one’s role in a situation.
2. Role set : A set of roles (a role complex) that centres around a particular social status. For example, a University professor frequently gets involved in teaching, research, consultancy, administration, publishing, examining etc.
3. Role strain : A feeling of difficulty or stress in fulfilling the demands of one’s role obligations.
4. Role conflict: Incompatibility between two or more roles that an individual is expected to perform in a given situation. For example, the role of a working women, who also manages the home.
5. Role exit: According to Helen Rose, role exit is a process of disengagement from a role that i is central to one’s self identity, in order to establish a new role and identity.

1. A social group consists of two or more persons e.g., two friends, wife and husband.
2. Social group is a system of social interaction.
3. Group life involves mutual awareness.
4. ‘We feeling’ promotes group unity.
5. Groups are formed for the fulfilment of certain common interests, e.g., political groups, religious groups, caste groups, sports groups
6. Each group has its own norms, rules to regulate behaviour of its members.
7. Social groups are dynamic in nature, i.e. they change from time to time.