Write differences.

Question 14 Marks

Intragenerational Mobility and Intergenerational Mobility.

Answer

Intragenerational Mobility	Intergenerational Mobility
(i) This type of mobility takes place in the lifespan of one generation.	(i) This type of mobility means that one generation changes its social status in contrast to the previous generation.
(ii) This mobility is upward.	(ii) The mobility may be upward or downward.
(iii) A person may start one’s own career as a clerk. He / she acquires more education and over a period of time becomes an IFS Officer. Here the individual moves up and occupies a higher social position than previously.	(iii) People of lower caste or class may provide facilities to their children to get higher education, training and skills. With the help of these skills the younger generation may get employment in higher position.
(iv) It refers to advancement in one’s social level during the course of one’s lifetime.	(iv) It refers to a change in the status of family members, one generation to the next.

Question 24 Marks

Caste and Class.

Answer

Caste	Class
(i) Different castes form a hierarchy of social preference and each position in the caste structure is defined in terms of its ‘purity and pollution’.	(i) A social class is made up of similar social status who regard one another as social equals.
(ii) In a caste stratification system, an individual’s position depends on the status attributes ascribed by birth.	(ii) In a class stratification system and individual’s position depends on the possession of substantial amounts of wealth, occupation, education and prestige which is achieved.
(iii) Caste is an example of closed stratification.	(iii) Class system is an example of open stratification.
(iv) In this type of social stratification there is no scope for social mobility.	(iv) In this type of social stratification there is scope for social mobility.

Question 34 Marks

Closed stratification and Open Stratification.

Answer

Closed stratification	Open stratification
(i) Closed stratification is one in which individuals or groups do not enjoy the freedom of changing their social strata.	(i) Open stratification is one in which individuals or groups enjoy the freedom of changing their social strata.
(ii) In this type of social stratification there is no scope for social mobility.	(ii) In this type of social stratification there is scope for social mobility.
(iii) Ascribed status – The individual who gets a social strata by birth can never change it in one’s lifetime.	(iii) Achieved status – Individuals or groups move from one strata to another on the basis of their achievement.
(iv) Example : The varna system and the caste system in India are examples of close stratification.	(iv) Example : The class system in modern industrial society is an example of open stratification.

Question 44 Marks

Horizontal Mobility and Vertical Mobility.

Answer

Horizontal Mobility	Vertical Mobility
(i) It refers to change of residence or job without status change.	(i) It refers to any change in the occupational economic or political status of an individual or a group which leads to change of their position.
(ii) Under this type of social mobility a person changes one’s occupation but the overall social position remains the same.	(ii) It stands for change of social position either upward or downward.
(iii) Certain occupation like doctor, engineer and teacher may enjoy the same status hence when an engineer changes one’s occupation from engineer to teaching engineering, there is a horizontal shift but no change takes place in his social position.	(iii) A person who works hard as a salesman, earns money and starts his own business successfully. In such position there is a clear change in the position of the individual.
(iv) A change in the social hierarchy does not take place.	(iv) Change in the social hierarchy takes place.

Sociology Write differences.