History Write short note

In 2000, new states were formed for the first time in India after the formation of lingual states in India.
(a) Chhattisgarh:

• Indian National Congress first put forward the demand for Chhattisgarh before independence but it was rejected by Fazal Ali Commission.
• The proposal of creating a separate state of Chhattisgarh was passed in the session of the Legislative Assembly of Madhya Pradesh in 1998.
• The state of Chhattisgarh was created by the initiative of the Government of India on 1st November 2000.

(b) Uttarakhand:

• Since 1930, the people of Garhwal and Kumaon were demanding a separate state.
• This demand was supported in the 1938 session of the Indian National Congress, however, Fazal Ali Commission ruled it out.
• The people started a movement for their demand in 1957. They also formed ‘Uttarakhand Parvatiya Rajya Parishad’ in 1973.
• In 1994, the people’s movement got intensified, hence, in recognition of popular sentiments, a bill was passed by Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly.
• The state of Uttaranchal, later renamed Uttarakhand, was formed on 9th November 2000.

(c) Jharkhand:

• In the year 1929, the demand for the separate state of Jharkhand was staged for the first time. It got intensified after the formation of the All India Jharkhand Party in 1947.
• An appeal was presented to the President and Prime Minister in 1973. The Bihar Legislative Assembly passed the bill ‘Jharkhand Area Autonomous Council’ in 1973. (JAAC).
• A bill providing for the division of Bihar and the creation of a separate state of Jharkhand was passed in the lower house of the parliament in August 2000 and accordingly, on 15th November 2000, a separate state of Jharkhand came into existence.

(d) Telangana:

• The state of Telangana was earlier an integral part of the state of Andhra Pradesh. A movement was started by ‘Telangana Rashtriya Samiti’ for the creation of a separate Telangana.
• In 2001, the Government of India announced the decision of the separate state of Telangana.
• The Parliament approved this demand in 2014 and on 2nd June 2014, the separate state of Telangana was formed.

(e) Jammu-Kashmir and Ladakh:

• Article 370 of the Indian Constitution gave a special status to the state of Jammu and Kashmir. In 1947, Prem Nath Dogra established the ‘Jammu Praja Parishad’ party. The motto of this party changed from ‘Ek Vidhan, Ek Pradhan, Ek Nishan’ to ‘Ek Desh me Do Vidhan, Do Pradhan, Do Nishan, Nahi Chalenge, Nahi Chalenge.
• This party demanded complete accession of Jammu-Kashmir to India but the party in power, National Conference rejected the demand.
• Dr. Shyama Prasad Mukherjee supported the demand for a complete merger. Recently in August 2019, the Government of India revoked article 370.
• From 31st October 2019, the state of Jammu and Kashmir was reconstructed as two separate Union Territories of Jammu-Kashmir and Ladakh.

(a) Operation Vijay: In 1999, Pakistan intruded Kashmir. This intrusion started a war between India and Pakistan. This war was fought in the Kargil-Drass area in Ladakh. Hence, it is known as the “Kargil War.” It is also referred to as ‘Operation Vijay’ by the Indian army. ‘Operation Vijay’ was successful and India emerged victorious in it.(b) Modernisation of the Indian army:

• This war alerted the Indian authorities for the modernization of the Indian military. The process of updating the military, equipment, and arms, training, etc. were further intensified.
• India is the sixth country in the world to develop indigenous technology for building nuclear submarines. In 2009, India successfully built a ‘Strategic Strike Nuclear Submarine’ of the ‘Arihant class’ with the help of Russia.

(c) Make in India:

• The Government of India emphasized indigenous technology (Make in India) on recruiting women officers in the military and also on combined exercise with militaries of other countries. Women can join eight sections of the Indian army through Union Public Service Commission.
• There is an increasing focus on the exchange of the latest technology, to fight terrorism, augment our own competencies, and optimum use of modern technology for ending terrorism.

(d) Practice session with different countries: The practice session and exercise with the armies of different countries were arranged to fight terrorism. The exercise with the Oman military, Mongolian army, Sri Lankan army, and Russian army was arranged.

According to the 2011 census, nearly 54% of India’s population is related to agriculture and agro related sector. The Government of India introduced different schemes for the progress of the agricultural sector, these schemes are as follows:

• The ‘Soil Health Card’ aims at increasing soil fertility and agricultural production.
• Pradhan Mantri Krishi Sinchan Yojana started for giving priority to water supply and irrigation facilities.
• Krishi Vikas Yojana aims at organic cultivation and increases farmer’s income.
• Pradhan Mantri Vima Yojana is implemented for the economic welfare of farmers and given the emphasis on animal husbandry, fisheries, agriculture research, and education. It also focuses on developing agriculture, co-operative establishment, and work for farmer’s welfare.
• In 2007, a national policy for farmers was adopted. If there is crop failure because of things like natural calamities, epidemics, or adverse climate, the farmers get compensated through Pradhan Mantri Peek Vima Yojana.
• Research Institute of Agricultural Sciences is supported through Indian Council for Agricultural Research. Agricultural exhibitions are organized for farmers.
• Indigenous seeds and indigenous breeds of cattle and poultry farming of indigenous variety is given priority. Goat keeping (Sheli Palan) is encouraged as an occupation.
• The ‘National Livestock Mission’ was established in 2014-15 and since then there is a rapid growth in the agricultural sector. India ranks second in fish production after China ranks first.