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Question 14 Marks

Modernisation and Globalisation

Answer

Modernisation	Globalisation
(i) Meaning: “Modernisation is the current term of an old process of social change whereby less developed societies acquire the characteristics common to more developed societies.”	(i) Meaning: Globalisation refers to “all those processes by which the people of the world are incorporated into a single world society.”
(ii) Characteristics: Modernisation reflects a rational outlook and scientific temperament and discarding traditional ways as these hinder the progress of the society.	(ii) Characteristics: Globalisation reflects the new economic policy means LPG policy which opens the door for the Indian economy and India became part of a wider global economy.
(iii) Manifestations: The adoption of the progressive ideas of the developed countries such as industrialisation and computerisation are its manifestations.	(iii) Manifestations: It leads to the transfer of resources, goods, and capital across the country.
(iv) Impact: Modernisation in every walk of life has contributed to the material progress of society and the well-being of individuals.	(iv) Impact: Globalisation has promoted industrialisation, expanded market, increase export as well as export area. Globalisation has created various new opportunities of employment.

Question 24 Marks

Industrialisation and Urbanisation

Answer

Industrialisation	Urbanisation
(i) Meaning: It means the use of unbiotic power such as electricity and steam for the mass production of goods.	(i) Meaning: Urbanisation consists of an inward flow of a large number of people from scattered rural areas to urban communities.
(ii) Origin: Industrialization started in England due to the impact of the industrial revolution.	(ii) Origin: Urbanization is the consequence of industrialization.
(iii) Nature: Industrialisation reflects mechanisation of workplaces and spurt in the growth of factories and industries.	(iii) Nature: Urbanisation reflects the migration of people from all over the country continuously, in search of work.
(iv) Characteristics: The adoption of the revolutionary changes occurred in the production system i.e. use of heavy machinery and automation.	(iv) Characteristics: The adoption of the civil administration like law and city police for the urban area.
(v) Impact: Due to industrialisation impact of scientific and technical knowledge has been increasing. So, people are accepting rationalism and secularism.	(v) Impact: Due to urbanisation, the traditional belief system has been changed and become more secular in their outlooks, new educational fields are created in cities.

Question 34 Marks

Privatisation and Liberalisation

Answer

Sr. No.	Privatisation	Liberalisation
(i)	Privatisation means reducing the involvement of the public sector and increasing the involvement of the private sector in the country’s economic activities.	Liberalisation means reducing or relaxing unnecessary restrictions over economic activities.
(ii)	The policy of reduction investment is adopted to privatise the public sector.	Automatic approval to the foreign technology, providing tax concessions and other incentives to the foreign investors, etc.
(iii)	The public sector enterprises are taken over by the private sector. It enables the country to improve the efficiency of these enterprises.	Liberalisation has given a boost to the industries in the private sector and given momentum to the industrial development of India.
(iv)	Their policies lead to an increase in unemployment.	It has encouraged the culture of consumerism.

Question 44 Marks

Globalisation and Privatisation

Answer

Sr. No.	Globalisation	Privatisation
(i)	Globalisation refers to “all those processes by which the people of the world are incorporated, into a single world society.”	Privatisation means “transferring of ownership rights from public sector to the private sector”.
(ii)	Eliminating the trade barriers, relaxing the FERA/FEMA regulations, and other incentives to the foreign investors.	The policy of disinvestment is adopted to privatise the public sector enterprises.
(iii)	Globalisation leads to sharing of resources, goods, and capital across the country.	The public sector enterprises are taken over by the private sector. It enables the country to improve the efficiency of these enterprises.
(iv)	It has adversely affected agriculture and is a cause of misery in the rural area.	Their policies lead to an increase in unemployment.

Question 54 Marks

Liberalisation and Globalisation

Answer

Sr. No.	Liberalisation	Globalisation
(i)	Meaning: Liberalisation refers to the removal of undue restrictions and eliminations of bureaucratic controls on productive activities and paves the way for economic development.	Meaning: Globalisation refers to the integration of the domestic economy with the world economy.
(ii)	Liberalisation is a means to achieve globalisation.e.g. reduction in tariff is a liberal measure.	Globalisation can be realised through external liberalisation. e.g. if the tariff is reduced, transfer of resources, goods, etc., can be made easier.
(iii)	Effect: Liberalisation has given a boost to foreign trades.	Effect: Globalisation has led to the increase in foreign direct investment and technical collaboration.
(iv)	Manifestations: Abolishing industrial licenses, scrapping the MRTP limit, etc., are the measures adopted to liberate the Indian economy.	Manifestations: Relaxing the FEAR/FEMA regulations, eliminating the trade barriers, providing tax concessions and other incentives to the foreign investors.

Sociology Write differences