Sociology Write short notes

Aging is an inevitable and irreversible biological process.
Role of the Government – The Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment has the responsibility to formulate policies and implement programmes for the care of the aged.

POLICY – The National Policy on Older Persons (NPOP) envisages support from the state government towards older persons’ care via. the provisions of shelter, support, healthcare facilities, etc.

Role of organizations/NGOs – NGOs HAVE contributed significantly towards helping the problem of the aged in India. For example, in Help Age India, Harmony India Today there are online communities that can lend support.

Role of Education – Schools can help through community service projects, outreach programmes, socially useful productive work and NSS create awareness about the problems of the elderly, aged, and senior which can inculcate values of caring for them.

Role of Family – Parents, and relatives can play a major role in creating a suitable atmosphere within the involving them in activities.

Above are the measures which we can implement to tackle the problem of aging.

Addiction means, a situation of psychological and physical dependence on alcohol, drugs, the internet, or mobiles.
The psychological effect on the individual: Addiction leads to a dependency on alcohol, narcotic drugs, medicinal drugs, the internet, social media, and even mobile phone. There could emerge a need for validation for every single image that is uploaded.

Impact on family: Alcohol addiction problems pose a threat to stable family life resulting in domestic violence. Addiction to mobiles can lead to loneliness within the family because of a lack of communication.

Impact on health: The levels of stress, anxiety, and aggression can take their toll on the physical, mental and emotional well-being of addicts as well as others in the family.

Impact on work: it can adversely affect levels of commitment, efficiency, an increase in instances of sexual harassment, exploitation of vulnerable people, inability to focus on any activity, increased absenteeism, etc.

A social problem is a condition affecting a significant number of people in ways considered undesirable, able which it is felt that something can be done through collective social action.

Social problems are types of behavior seen as unacceptable by several persons and groups. Such behavior is problematic as it goes against existing social norms or the aspirations of people. People feel the need for collective action to solve the problem.

For example, some of the specific social problems which are widespread in 21st century India are ageing, domestic violence, addiction, gender inequality.

The social problem means a violation of the established norm. It gives rise to stress, strain, tension, and conflicts. The social problem is a universal phenomenon. Although social problems are universal their nature differs from society to society.

Creating awareness – The very first measure is to create awareness about various kinds of addiction, via educational programs and camps.

Counselling – It is necessary to recommend people with addiction problems to professionals such as counsellors or psychologists for professional intervention.

De-addiction Clinics – Are professional clinics that work as centres to help addicts through de-addiction which works as a support system for the addicts.

Laws – Legislative provisions for those drug peddlers who upload messages or data which are anti-social, dangerous, life-threatening, and so forth.

Mass media – Mass media is an effective tool to do societal awareness about awareness can be created. Through the World Wide Web.

The above listed are the few measures that we can utilize to tackle the addiction problems.

Patriarchal system – Patriarchal family is the root cause of domestic violence. There is a huge imbalance of power between men and others in our society. There is the unwritten acceptance of male authority.

Insecurity – Insecurity of one partner, especially of men can lead to feelings of suspicion, the threat to one’s ego, one’s authority, notions of infidelity, etc. which are reasons enough to cause violence and abuse.

Heteronormativity – It refers to the social expectation that human behavior must fit into the gender binary. There are numerous instances of gender discrimination not merely against women, but also transgender persons, and gender non-conforming family members.

Dysfunctional relationships – There are various factors responsible for strains in relationships between different members within the family, which can trigger snide remarks, bickering, labelling, verbal spats, and physical assault.

Impact of environmental deterioration – Due to environmental deterioration, farmers face many problems such as crops get completely destroyed and it creates adverse conditions wherein farmers find it difficult to engage in gainful agricultural activity. In India, we have in recent times seen instances of flooding and drought.

Impact of globalization – Dumping of agricultural products in India due to globalization’s free trade policy has adversely affected the pricing of local products.

Indebtedness – Farmers who take loans from government agencies, private individuals or organisations, are often unable to repay loans and their interest if the crops fail for one or more seasons. The impoverished farmers live a life in debt.

The disparity of land holdings – Landless agricultural are the largest section of farmers who depend on others’ land for survival. Hence most farmers in India have small and marginal landholding. Their economic resources are inadequate which compel them to suicide. Most farmers in India have small and marginal landholding. Their economic resources are inadequate.

Dowry system – Farmers take money from institutions or money lenders on the pretext of agricultural needs, but end up utilizing the loans for personal purposes such as giving into dowry demands. This has been seen in the case of suicides in the Vidarbha and Marathwada regions of Maharashtra.

Thus, inability to repay the loans to avoid humiliation and out of depression, a large number of Indian farmers are committing suicide.

Unemployment means “people who are jobless and actively seeking work and available to take a job.”
The effects of unemployment are as follows:
Unutilised human resources – All individuals are valuable human resources whether they are skilled or unskilled but unutilized human resources become a burden on the working population.

Educational stagnation – Educational stagnation means their training has failed to equip them adequately for the world of work. The government spends crores of rupees on education and yet the educated output is largely skill-deficient or unemployable.

Underemployment – There are many examples of persons who are trained in one field but who work in a totally unrelated area are cases of unemployment. A person with a professional degree or Ph.D. may work as a clerk in absence of suitable employment.

Anti-social activities – Increase in anti-social activities due to lack of opportunities.

Impact on mental health – Those who end up being disappointed with life, studies or trapped in boredom. May become frustrated, develop a negative outlook on life; and even fee-lonely, depressed and suicidal.

Unemployment means people who are jobless and actively seeking work and are available to take a job.
There are various factors responsible for employment they are as follows.
Inadequate skills – Advancement in technology has made many workers unemployed as their skill-sets have become redundant today. In short lack adequate skills many people face unemployment.

The frequent shift in jobs – Frequently switching jobs, creates a period of no employment between one job and the next. For example, a farmer may remain unemployed after the harvest season and may have to search for other odd jobs in urban areas.

Changing economy – The world economy has ups and downs that affect the opportunities for employment. For example, the construction and real estate sector is well-known for periods of huge economic activity and lull periods In the lull periods there are greater chances of workers losing their jobs.

Seasonal shift – especially in agricultural fields, banking and shipping industry has an effect on urban unemployment.

The gap in demand and supply – Job aspirants are more but job opportunities are less, which creates unemployment crises. The number of individuals who fit a job is far higher than the openings available.
Above are the factors which are responsible for unemployment.