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BIOLOGY MCQ

Biotechnology: Principles and Processes · Maharashtra Board STD 12 Science (MSBSHSE - English Medium). 222 questions.

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MCQ 11 Mark
Kary $B$ Mullis got Nobel prize for discovering :
  • A
    $\text{DNA}$ polymerase enzyme
  • ✓
    Polymerase chain reaction
  • C
    Restriction endonucleases
  • D
    Western blotting
Answer
Correct option: B.
Polymerase chain reaction
$\text{DNA}$ polymerase enzyme synthesizes $\text{DNA}$ strands by adding deoxyribonucleotides to $3'$ end of the primer via phosphodiester bonds; it uses parental $\text{DNA}$ as a template.
Kary Mullis got Nobel prize, in $1993$ in chemistry, for the invention of polymerase chain reaction $\text{(PCR)}.$
$\text{PCR} -$ technique amplify the gene of interest.
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MCQ 21 Mark
The most important feature in a plasmid to be used as a vector is :
  • ✓
    Origin of replication $($ori$)$.
  • B
    Presence of a selectable marker.
  • C
    Presence of sites for restriction endonuclease.
  • D
    Its size.
Answer
Correct option: A.
Origin of replication $($ori$)$.
Origin of replication is a sequence from where replication starts and any piece of $\text{DNA}$ when linked to this sequence can be made to replicate within the host cells.
This sequence is also responsible for controlling the copy number of the linked $\text{DNA}$.
So, if one wants to recover many copies of the target $\text{DNA}$ it should be cloned in a vector whose origin support high copy number.
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MCQ 31 Mark
There is a restriction endonuclease called $\text{EcoRI}$. What does $'\text{co}'$ part of it stands for :
  • A
    Coenzyme.
  • ✓
    Coli.
  • C
    Coelom.
  • D
    None of these.
Answer
Correct option: B.
Coli.
Coli.
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MCQ 41 Mark
Transfer of $\text{DNA}$ bands from agarose gel to nitrocellulose or nylon membrane is :
  • ✓
    Southern transfer
  • B
    Western transfer
  • C
    Northern transfer
  • D
    Eastern transfer
Answer
Correct option: A.
Southern transfer
Southern Transfer is the process developed by
Southern to transfer the $\text{DNA}$ bands from agarose gel to nitrocellulose membrane in order to obtain a autoradiograph and visualize the bands under $X$ ray.
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MCQ 51 Mark
Gene gun can introduce genes into cells with the help of :
  • A
    Plasmids
  • B
    Cosmids
  • ✓
    Microscopic pellets
  • D
    Phagemids
Answer
Correct option: C.
Microscopic pellets
In the gene gun method, microscopic pellets of gold or tungsten are coated with the transgene fragments and shot into the plant cells or tissues at high velocity.
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MCQ 61 Mark
Amplification of gene of interest by using $\text{PCR}$ may go upto :
  • A
    $0.1$ million
  • B
    $1.0$ million
  • ✓
    $1.0$ billion
  • D
    $1.0$ trillion
Answer
Correct option: C.
$1.0$ billion
The Polymerase chain reaction $\text{(PCR)}$ is a method widely used in molecular biology to make many copies of a specific $\text{DNA}$ segment.
Using $\text{PCR},$ a single copy $($or more$)$ of a $\text{DNA}$ sequence is exponentially amplified to generate thousands to millions of more copies of that particular $\text{DNA}$ segment.
The number of double $-$ stranded $\text{DNA}$ pieces is doubled in each cycle so that after n cycles we have $2^n (2$ to the $n:$ the power$)$ copies of $\text{DNA}$.
The cycle is usually repeated $30$ times and $1$ billion copies are made at the end of $30\ \text{ PCR}$ cycles.
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MCQ 71 Mark
An enzyme catalysing the removal of nucleotides from the ends of $\text{DNA}$ is :
  • A
    Endonuclease.
  • ✓
    Exonuclease.
  • C
    $\text{DNA}$ ligase.
  • D
    Hind $-II$.
Answer
Correct option: B.
Exonuclease.
Exonucleases remove nucleotides from the ends of the $\text{DNA}$ whereas endonucleases make cuts at specific positions within the $\text{DNA}$.
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MCQ 81 Mark
Recombinant $\text{DNA}$ is obtained by cleaving the pro $-\text{DNA}$ by :
  • A
    Primase.
  • B
    Exonucleases.
  • C
    Ligase.
  • ✓
    Restriction endonuclease.
Answer
Correct option: D.
Restriction endonuclease.
Restriction endonuclease.
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MCQ 91 Mark
At which of the following stage after fermentation, the desired product is screened and purified?
  • A
    Up stream processing
  • B
    Screening
  • ✓
    Down stream processing
  • D
    Batch $-$ culture
Answer
Correct option: C.
Down stream processing
Downstream Processing is the recovery and purification of biochemical products with proper treatment.
It is a series of events which includes cell separation, filtration, product recovery, extraction of product and purification and then treatment of product by chemical, physical and biological means.
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MCQ 101 Mark
Plasmids are suitable vectors for gene clon $- $ ing because :
  • A
    These are small circular $\text{DNA}$ molecules which can integrate with host chromo $-$ somal $\text{DNA}$.
  • ✓
    These are small circular $\text{DNA}$ molecules with their own replication origin site.
  • C
    These can shuttle between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.
  • D
    These often carry antibiotic resistance genes.
Answer
Correct option: B.
These are small circular $\text{DNA}$ molecules with their own replication origin site.
These are small circular $\text{DNA}$ molecules with their own replication origin site.
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MCQ 111 Mark
Bacteria protect themselves from viruses by fragmenting viral $\text{DNA}$ with :
  • ✓
    Endonuclease
  • B
    Exonuclease
  • C
    Ligase
  • D
    Gyrase
Answer
Correct option: A.
Endonuclease
Endonuclease
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MCQ 121 Mark
'Restriction' in Restriction enzyme refers to :
  • A
    Cutting of $\text{DNA}$ at specific position only.
  • B
    Cleaving of phosphodiester bond in $\text{DNA}$ by the enzyme.
  • ✓
    Prevention of the multiplication of bacteriophage in bacteria.
  • D
    All of the above.
Answer
Correct option: C.
Prevention of the multiplication of bacteriophage in bacteria.
Prevention of the multiplication of bacteriophage in bacteria.
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MCQ 131 Mark
For transformation with recombinant $\text{DNA},$ the bacterial cells must first be made ‘competent’ which means :
  • A
    Should increase their metabolic reactions.
  • B
    Should decrease their metabolic reactions.
  • ✓
    Increase efficiency with which $\text{DNA}$ enters the bacterium.
  • D
    Ability to divide fast.
Answer
Correct option: C.
Increase efficiency with which $\text{DNA}$ enters the bacterium.
Increase efficiency with which $\text{DNA}$ enters the bacterium.
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MCQ 141 Mark
More advancement in genetic engineering is due to :
  • ✓
    Restriction endonuclease
  • B
    Reverse transcriptase
  • C
    Protease
  • D
    Zymase
Answer
Correct option: A.
Restriction endonuclease
The discovery of enzymes that could cut and paste $\text{DNA}$ made genetic engineering possible.
Restriction enzymes are $\text{DNA}-$cutting enzymes found in bacteria and harvested from them for use.
Because they cut within the molecule, they are often called restriction endonucleases.
A restriction enzyme recognizes and cuts $\text{DNA}$ only at a particular sequence of nucleotides.
​​​​​​​So, restriction endonucleases are used for separation of genetic material.
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MCQ 151 Mark
Enzyme required for polymerase chain reaction $\text{(PCR)}$ is :
  • A
    $\text{RNA}$ polymerase
  • B
    Ribonuclease
  • ✓
    Taq polymerase
  • D
    Endonuclease
Answer
Correct option: C.
Taq polymerase
Like $\text{DNA}$ replication in an organism, $\text{PCR}$ requires a $\text{DNA}$ polymerase enzyme that makes new strands of $\text{DNA},$ using existing strands as templates.
The $\text{DNA}$ polymerase typically used in $\text{PCR}$ is called Taq polymerase, after the heat $-$ tolerant bacterium from which it was isolated Thermus aquaticus.
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MCQ 161 Mark
The cutting out of separated bands of $\text{DNA}$ from the agarose gel is called :
  • ✓
    Elution.
  • B
    Annealing.
  • C
    Electrophoresis.
  • D
    Polymerisation.
Answer
Correct option: A.
Elution.
Elution.
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MCQ 171 Mark
In which field, application of biotechnology occurs ?
  • A
    Bio $-$ medicine
  • B
    Agriculture
  • C
    Environmetal field
  • ✓
    All of these
Answer
Correct option: D.
All of these
Application of biotechnology occurs in agriculture, biomedicine and environmental field.
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MCQ 181 Mark
Restriction endonucleases are useful in :
  • A
    Breaking $\text{DNA}$ at specific sites
  • B
    Creating sticky ends
  • ✓
    Both $A$ and $B$
  • D
    Crossing over
Answer
Correct option: C.
Both $A$ and $B$
Both $A$ and $B$
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MCQ 191 Mark
Restriction enzymes are isolated chiefly from ?
  • A
    Algae
  • B
    Fungi
  • C
    Protozoans
  • ✓
    Prokaryotes
Answer
Correct option: D.
Prokaryotes
The bacteria $($prokaryotes$)$ contain special types of enzymes called the restriction enzymes.
These enzymes are responsible for cleaving the viral $\text{DNA}$ that enters the bacterial cell for the infection, thereby restricting the growth of the virus particles.
Therefore, these are nucleases.
These do not degrade the $\text{DNA}$ of the bacterial cell because the $\text{DNA}$ is protected by methylation.
Due to their specific cleaving activity, the restriction enzymes are widely used in $\text{rDNA}$ technology.
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MCQ 201 Mark
Genetic engineering is possible, because :
  • A
    The phenomenon of transduction in bacteria is well understood.
  • B
    We can see $\text{DNA}$ by electron microscope.
  • C
    We can cut $\text{DNA}$ at specific sites by endonucleases like $\text{DNA}$ se $-\text{I}$.
  • ✓
    Restriction endonucleases purified from bacteria can be used in vitro.
Answer
Correct option: D.
Restriction endonucleases purified from bacteria can be used in vitro.
Restriction endonucleases purified from bacteria can be used in vitro.
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MCQ 211 Mark
The $\text{DNA}$ polymerase enzyme used in $\text{PCR}$ is obtained from :
  • ✓
    Thermus aquaticus.
  • B
    Escherichia coli.
  • C
    Agrobacterium tumefaciens.
  • D
    Salmonella typhimurium.
Answer
Correct option: A.
Thermus aquaticus.
Thermus aquaticus.
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MCQ 221 Mark
The cutting of $\text{DNA}$ at specific locations became possible with the discovery of :
  • A
    Ligases
  • ✓
    Restriction enzymes
  • C
    Probes
  • D
    Selectable markers
Answer
Correct option: B.
Restriction enzymes
Genetic engineering is possible because of special enzymes that cut $\text{DNA}$.
These enzymes are called restriction enzymes or restriction endonucleases.
Restriction enzymes are proteins produced by bacteria to prevent or restrict invasion by foreign $\text{DNA}$.
They act as $\text{DNA}$ scissors, cutting the foreign $\text{DNA}$ into pieces so that it cannot function.
These enzymes are routinely used for $\text{DNA}$ modification in laboratories and are a vital tool in molecular cloning
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MCQ 231 Mark
Excision and insertion of a gene is called.
  • ✓
    Genetic engineering.
  • B
    Cytogenetics.
  • C
    Biotechnology.
  • D
    None of these.
Answer
Correct option: A.
Genetic engineering.
Genetic engineering.
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MCQ 241 Mark
Which of the following should be chosen for best yield if one were to produce a recombinant protein in large amounts ?
  • A
    A stirred $-$ tank bioreactor without in $-$ lets and out $-$ lets.
  • ✓
    A continuous culture system.
  • C
    Laboratory flask of largest capacity.
  • D
    Any of the above.
Answer
Correct option: B.
A continuous culture system.
A continuous culture system.
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MCQ 251 Mark
Which of the following statements does not hold true for restriction enzyme ?
  • A
    It produces the same kind of sticky ends in different $\text{DNA}$ molecules.
  • B
    It recognises a palindromic nucleotide sequence.
  • C
    It is an endonuclease.
  • ✓
    It is isolated from viruses.
Answer
Correct option: D.
It is isolated from viruses.
It is isolated from viruses.
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MCQ 261 Mark
Which of the following steps are catalysed by Taq polymerase in a $\text{PCR}$ reaction ?
  • ✓
    Extension of primer end on the template $\text{DNA}$.
  • B
    All of the above.
  • C
    Annealing of primers to template $\text{DNA}$.
  • D
    Denaturation of template $\text{DNA}$.
Answer
Correct option: A.
Extension of primer end on the template $\text{DNA}$.
Extension of primer end on the template $\text{DNA}$.
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MCQ 271 Mark
Which one of the following hydrolyzes internal phosphodiester bonds in a polynucleotide chain ?
  • A
    Lipase
  • B
    Exonuclease
  • ✓
    Endonuclease
  • D
    Protease
Answer
Correct option: C.
Endonuclease
Endonucleases are the enzymes which cleave the phosphodiester bonds in the internal regions of the polynucleotide chain $\text{(DNA}$ or $\text{RNA)}$.
The exonucleases cleave the polynucleotide chains from one end.
While the protease cleaves the proteins the lipases act on the lipids.
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MCQ 281 Mark
The process of replication in plasmid $\text{DNA},$ other than initiation, is controlled by :
  • A
    Mitochondrial gene.
  • ✓
    Bacterial gene.
  • C
    Plasmid gene.
  • D
    None of the above.
Answer
Correct option: B.
Bacterial gene.
Bacterial gene.
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MCQ 291 Mark
In agarose gel electrophoresis ?
  • A
    $\text{DNA}$ migrates towards the negative electrode.
  • B
    Supercoiled plamids migrate slower than their nicked counterparts.
  • C
    Larger molecules migrate faster than smaller molecules.
  • ✓
    Ethidium bromide can be used to visualize the $\text{DNA}$.
Answer
Correct option: D.
Ethidium bromide can be used to visualize the $\text{DNA}$.
Ethidium bromide can be used to visualize the $\text{DNA}$.
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MCQ 301 Mark
While isolating $\text{DNA}$ from bacteria, which of the following enzymes is not used ?
  • A
    Lysozyme.
  • B
    Ribonuclease.
  • ✓
    Deoxyribonuclease.
  • D
    Protease.
Answer
Correct option: C.
Deoxyribonuclease.
Lysozyme is used for breaking the membranes which surround $\text{DNAs}$.
Ribonuclease is used for removing $\text{RNA}$.
Protease is used for removing protein.
All these steps are necessary for isolation of $\text{DNA}$ from bacteria.
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MCQ 311 Mark
Which of the following is known as specific molecular scissors ?
  • A
    Ligase.
  • B
    Helicase.
  • ✓
    Restriction endonuclease.
  • D
    $\text{DNA}$ polymerase.
Answer
Correct option: C.
Restriction endonuclease.
Restriction endonuclease.
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MCQ 321 Mark
A bacterial cell was transformed with a recombinant $\text{DNA}$ that was generated using a human gene. However, the transformed cells did not produce the desired protein. Reasons could be :
  • A
    Amino acid codons for humans and bacteria are different.
  • B
    Human protein is formed but degraded by bacteria.
  • ✓
    Human gene may have intron which bacteria cannot process.
  • D
    All of the above.
Answer
Correct option: C.
Human gene may have intron which bacteria cannot process.
Human gene may have intron which bacteria cannot process.
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MCQ 331 Mark
The restriction enzymes are used in genetic engineering, because :
  • A
    They can degrade harmful proteins.
  • B
    They can join different $\text{DNA}$ fragments.
  • ✓
    They can cut $\text{DNA}$ at spe cific base sequence.
  • D
    They are nucleases that cut $\text{DNA}$  at variable sites.
Answer
Correct option: C.
They can cut $\text{DNA}$ at spe cific base sequence.
They can cut $\text{DNA}$ at spe cific base sequence.
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MCQ 341 Mark
What is true of reverse genetics :
  • A
    Gene therapy
  • B
    Gene replacement
  • ✓
    Identification of gene from map position
  • D
    Deletion of genes and studying the effect
Answer
Correct option: C.
Identification of gene from map position
Reverse genetics is a method that is used to help understand the function of a gene by analyzing the phenotypic effects of specific engineered gene sequences.
Reverse genetics usually proceeds in the opposite direction of so $-$ called forward genetic screens of classical genetics.
The goal in reverse genetics is Identification of gene from map position.
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MCQ 351 Mark
The polymerase chain reaction is a technique used for ?
  • ✓
    Amplification of $\text{DNA}$
  • B
    Amplification of enzymes
  • C
    Amplification of proteins
  • D
    All of these
Answer
Correct option: A.
Amplification of $\text{DNA}$
Polymerase chain reaction is a process in which multiple copies of $\text{DNA}$ of interest is synthesised invitro.
The process involves three steps Denaturation, Annealing, Extension
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MCQ 361 Mark
Reaction of $1989$ was :
  • A
    Nicking by restriction endonucleases
  • ✓
    Polymerase chain reaction
  • C
    Reverse genetics
  • D
    Splicing
Answer
Correct option: B.
Polymerase chain reaction
In $1985$ Norm Arnheim, also a member of the development team concluded his sabbatical at Cetus and assumed an academic position at $\text{USC}$.
He began to investigate the use of $\text{PCR}$ to amplify samples containing just a single copy of the target sequence.
By $1989$ his lab developed multiplex $-\text{PCR}$ on single sperm to directly analyze the products of meiotic recombination.
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MCQ 371 Mark
The term 'molecular scissors' generally refers to :
  • ✓
    $\text{DNA}$ polymerases
  • B
    $\text{RNA}$ polymerases
  • C
    Restriction endonucleases
  • D
    $\text{DNA}$ ligases
Answer
Correct option: A.
$\text{DNA}$ polymerases
Restriction endonucleases cut $\text{DNA}$ segments at specific sites of $4$ or $6$ base pair length, called the restriction sites and are therefore known as the molecular scissors.
$\text{DNA}$ polymerase helps in the synthesis of $\text{DNA}$ and $\text{RNA}$ polymerase catalyses the synthesis of $\text{RNA}$.
​​​​​​​$\text{DNA}$ ligases on the other hand help in joining $\text{DNA}$ fragments by helping in the formation of phosphodiester bonds between them.
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MCQ 381 Mark
Which of the following is a plasmid ?
  • ✓
    $\text{pBR}\  322$
  • B
    Bam $\text{H I}$
  • C
    Sal $\text{I}$
  • D
    Eco $\text{RI}$
Answer
Correct option: A.
$\text{pBR}\  322$
$\text{pBR}\  322$
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MCQ 391 Mark
Significance of 'heat shock' method in bacterial transformation is to facilitate :
  • A
    Binding of $\text{DNA}$ to the cell wall.
  • B
    Uptake of $\text{DNA}$ through membrane transport proteins.
  • ✓
    Uptake of $\text{DNA}$ through transient pores in the bacterial cell wall.
  • D
    Expression of antibiotic resistance gene.
Answer
Correct option: C.
Uptake of $\text{DNA}$ through transient pores in the bacterial cell wall.
Putting the cells with recombinant $\text{DNA}$ on ice ;
Followed by a heat shock and then putting them back on ice helps in uptake of $\text{DNA}$ through transient pores in the bacterial cell wall.
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MCQ 401 Mark
One of the methods of which $\text{DNA}$ cannot be transferred to the host cell is by :
  • A
    Microinjection
  • B
    Gene gun
  • C
    Disarmed pathogen vectors
  • ✓
    Polymerase chain reaction
Answer
Correct option: D.
Polymerase chain reaction
Polymerase chain reaction $\text{(PCR)}$ is a method used to rapidly make millions to billions of copies of a specific $\text{DNA}$ sample, not the method to transfer $\text{DNA}$ to the host cell.
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MCQ 411 Mark
Which of the following steps are catalysed by Taq polymerase in a $\text{PCR}$ reaction ?
  • A
    Denaturation of template $\text{DNA}$.
  • B
    Annealing of primers to template $\text{DNA}.$
  • ✓
    Extension of primer end on the template $\text{DNA}$.
  • D
    All of the above.
Answer
Correct option: C.
Extension of primer end on the template $\text{DNA}$.
Taq polymerase is used between annealing and extension,
help in extension of primer end on the template $\text{DNA}$.
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MCQ 421 Mark
Which of the following statements is not true for stirred tank fermentation ?
  • A
    Buffer needed to control
  • B
    Batch and feed possible
  • ✓
    Control dissolved oxygen
  • D
    Easy in process sampling
Answer
Correct option: C.
Control dissolved oxygen
Stirred tank fermenter bioreactors $\text{(STBRs)}$ are the reactors most widely employed for culturing of biological agents such as cells, enzymes, or antibodies.
They are contractors where the well $-$ mixed among phases is obtained mainly by internal mechanical agitation.
​​​​​​​It does not control dissolved oxygen.
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MCQ 431 Mark
During isolation of $\text{DNA},$ addition of which of the following causes precipitation of purified $\text{DNA}$ ?
  • ✓
    Chilled ethanol.
  • B
    Ribonuclease enzyme.
  • C
    $\text{DNA}$ polymerase.
  • D
    Proteases.
Answer
Correct option: A.
Chilled ethanol.
Chilled ethanol.
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MCQ 441 Mark
The technique in which foreign $\text{DNA}$ is precipitated over surface of metal particles for passing into target cells is $........$
  • A
    Microinjection
  • B
    Electroporation
  • ✓
    Particle gun
  • D
    Chemical mediated gene transfer
Answer
Correct option: C.
Particle gun
The Particle bombardment device, also known as the gene gun, was developed to enable penetration of the cell wall so that genetic material containing a gene of interest can be transferred into the cell.
The particle bombardment starts with coating tungsten or gold particles with plasmid $\text{DNA}$.
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MCQ 451 Mark
Hybridoma technology was developed by :
  • A
    Taggart, $1982$
  • B
    Vitella et al, $1982$
  • C
    Prie and Saxton, $1987$
  • ✓
    Milstein and Kohier, $1975$
Answer
Correct option: D.
Milstein and Kohier, $1975$
Hybridoma technology is a technology of forming hybrid cell lines $($called hybridomas$)$.
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MCQ 461 Mark
Which of the following bacteria is not a source of restriction endonuclease ?
  • A
    Haemophilus influenzae.
  • B
    Escherichia coli.
  • ✓
    Entamoeba coli.
  • D
    Bacillius amyloli.
Answer
Correct option: C.
Entamoeba coli.
Entamoeba coli is not a bacterium and Haemophilus influenzae,
Escherichia coli and Bacillius quifacieus are source of restriction endonuclease.
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MCQ 471 Mark
Which is obtained from genetic engineering.
  • A
    Haemoglobin.
  • B
    Glucose.
  • ✓
    Golden Rice.
  • D
    None of these.
Answer
Correct option: C.
Golden Rice.
Golden Rice.
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MCQ 481 Mark
In a genetic engineering experiment, restriciton enzymes can be used for :
  • A
    Bacterial $\text{DNA}$ only
  • B
    Viral $\text{DNA}$ only
  • ✓
    Any $\text{DNA}$ fragment
  • D
    Eukaryotic $\text{DNA}$ only
Answer
Correct option: C.
Any $\text{DNA}$ fragment
Restriction enzymes, also called restriction endonucleases, bind to $\text{DNA}$ and cleave the double strand, forming smaller pieces of $\text{DNA}$.
There are three types of restriction enzymes;
Type $\text{I}$ restriction enzymes recognize a $\text{DNA}$ sequence and cut the strand randomly more than one thousand base pairs away from the site.
Type $\text{II}$ restriction enzymes, the most useful for molecular biology laboratories, recognize and cut the $\text{DNA}$ strand predictably at a specific sequence which is usually less than ten base pairs long.
Type $\text{III}$ restriction enzymes are similar to
​​​​​​​Type $\text{I},$ but these cut the $\text{DNA}$ about thirty base pairs from the recognition sequence.
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MCQ 491 Mark
Insect $-$ resistant transgenic cotton has been produced by inserting a piece of $\text{DNA}$ from ?
  • A
    An insect
  • ✓
    A bacterium
  • C
    A wild relative of cotton
  • D
    A virus
Answer
Correct option: B.
A bacterium
A bacterium
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MCQ 501 Mark
The site in the vector which helps in identifying and eliminating non transformants :
  • A
    Ori.
  • B
    Cloning site.
  • C
    Rope.
  • ✓
    Selectable marker.
Answer
Correct option: D.
Selectable marker.
Selectable marker.
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