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Molecular Basis of Inheritance · Maharashtra Board STD 12 (MSBSHSE - Semi English Medium). 181 questions.

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181 questions · self-marked practice — reveal the answer and mark yourself.

Question 11 Mark
Very Short Answer Questions
Which are the nucleosomal ‘core’ histones?
Answer
Two molecules each of histone proteins, viz. H2A. H2B, H3 and H4 are the nucleosomal ‘core’ histones.
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Question 21 Mark
Very Short Answer Questions
What is degeneracy of genetic code?
Answer
Genetic code is degenerate as 61 codons code for 20 amino acids, that is two or more codons can specify the same amino acid. E.g. Cysteine has two codons, while isoleucine has three codons.
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Question 31 Mark
Very Short Answer Questions
Define term Codogen and Codon
Answer
Codogen is a triplet of nucleotides present on the DNA which specifies one particular amino acid.
Codon is a triplet of nucleotides present on the m-RNA which specifies one particular amino acid.
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Question 41 Mark
Very Short Answer Questions
When does DNA replication take place?
Answer
In eukaryotes DNA-replication takes place during S-phase of interphase of cell cycle and in prokaryotes. DNA replicates prior to cell division.
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Question 51 Mark
Very Short Answer Questions
Why are Okazaki fragments formed on lagging strand only?
Answer
Okazaki fragments are formed only on lagging template as only short stretch of lagging template becomes available for replication at one time.
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Question 61 Mark
Very Short Answer Questions
Which enzyme does remove supercoils from replicating DNA?
Answer
Super-helix relaxing enzyme (Topoisomerase) removes supercoils from replicating DNA.
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Question 71 Mark
Genome
Answer
Genome is the total genetic constitution of an organism or a complete copy of genetic information (DNA) or one complete set of chromosomes (monoploid or haploid) of an organism.
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Question 81 Mark
Very Short Answer Questions
Why is the genetic code considered as commaless?
Answer
The triplet codon are arranged one after the other on m-RNA molecule without any gap or space and therefore genetic code is considered as commaless.
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Question 91 Mark
Very Short Answer Questions
What is the function of an RNA primer during protein synthesis?
Answer
During DNA replication, RNA primer provides 3’ OH to which DNA polymerase enzyme can add nucleotides to synthesize new strand using parental strand of DNA as template.[Note : RNA primer has no direct role in protein synthesis.]
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Question 101 Mark
Name the following: Name the different structural genes in sequence of lac operon.
Answer
There are 3 structural genes in the sequence lac-Z, lac-Y and lac-A.
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Question 111 Mark
If operator gene is deleted due to mutation, how will E.coli metabolise lactose?
Answer
If operator gene is deleted due to mutation, lac operon cannot be regulated. It will get transcribed continuously and enzymes required for lactose metabolism will get synthesized continuously.
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Question 121 Mark
How many amino acids are required for protein synthesis? From where are they obtained?
Answer
  1. About 20 different types of amino acids are required for protein synthesis.
  2. They are available in the cytoplasm.
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Question 131 Mark
Give Reasons: During translation, complementarity principle is not applicable.
Answer
During translation, complementarity principle is not applicable as, genetic information is transferred from a polymer of nucleotides to a polymer of amino acids.
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Question 141 Mark
Give Reasons: In bacteria, m-RNA does not require any processing.
Answer
In bacteria, m-RNA does not require any processing because it has no introns and it is synthesized in cytoplasm.
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Question 151 Mark
Give Reasons: Viruses obtained by infecting bacteria having radioactive sulphur contained radioactive protein but not radioactive DNA.
Answer
Viruses obtained by infecting bacteria having radioactive sulphur contained radioactive protein but not radioactive DNA because DNA does not contain sulphur and proteins contain sulphur.
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Question 161 Mark
Give Reasons: Nuclein was called as nucleic acid.
Answer
Nuclein had acidic properties and it was isolated from nucleus. Hence, it was called as nucleic acid.
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Question 181 Mark
Name the following: Name the organisms whose genomes have been sequenced?
Answer
The genomes of several organisms such as bacteria e.g. E.coli, Caenorhabditis elegans (a free living non-pathogenic nematode), Saccharomyces cerevisiae (yeast), Drosophila (fruit fly), plants (rice and Arabidopsis), Mus musculus (mouse), etc. have been sequenced.
View full question & answer→
Question 191 Mark
Name the following: Name three binding sites of ribosome.
Answer
Three binding sites for t-RNA on ribosomes are P-site (peptidy t-RNA-site), A-site (aminoacyl – t-RNA-site) and E-site (exit site).
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Question 201 Mark
Name the following: Name the initiator codon of protein synthesis.
Answer
AUG is the initiator codon of protein synthesis.
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Question 231 Mark
Name the following: Enzyme involved in polymerizing RNA in template independent manner.
Answer
Polynucleotide phosphorylase
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Question 271 Mark
Name the following: Enzyme involved in releasing strain created by unwinding of DNA.
Answer
Super helix relaxing enzyme
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Question 281 Mark
Name the following: Enzyme involved in formation of double helix in daughter DNA molecules.
Answer
Topoisomerase
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Question 391 Mark
Give definitions: Repressors
Answer
Repressors are proteins which are able to bind the operator region of operon and prevent the RNA polymerase from transcribing the operon.
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Question 401 Mark
Give definitions: Genomics
Answer
Genomics is the study of genomes through analysis, sequencing and mapping of genes along with the study of their functions.
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Question 411 Mark
Give definitions: Translation
Answer
Translation is the process in which sequence of codons of m-RNA is decoded and accordingly amino acids are added in specific sequence to form a polypeptide on ribosomes.
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Question 421 Mark
Give definitions: Mutation
Answer
Mutation is a sudden heritable change in the DNA sequence that results in the change of genotype.
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Question 431 Mark
Give definitions: Anticodon
Answer
Anticodon is a triplet of nucleotides present on the anticodon loop of t-RNA, which is complementary to codon on m-RNA.
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Question 461 Mark
Give definitions: Interrupted or Split genes
Answer
Interrupted or split genes are the structural genes in eukaryotes which have both exons and introns.
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Question 471 Mark
Give definitions: Polycistronic gene
Answer
Gene is called polycistronic, when there is a set of various structural genes in one transcription unit.
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Question 481 Mark
Give definitions:Monocistronic gene
Answer
Gene is called monocistronic, when there is a single structural gene in one transcription unit.
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Question 511 Mark
Give definitions: Transcription
Answer
Transcription is defined as the process of copying of genetic information from template strand of DNA into a complementary single stranded RNA transcript.
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Question 531 Mark
What is the amino acid sequence encoded by base sequence UCA, UUU, UCC, GGG, AGU of an m-RNA segment?
Answer
The amino acid sequence: Ser-Phe – Ser – Gly- Ser
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Question 551 Mark
What are VNTRs?
Answer
Variable Number of Tandem Repeats (VNTRs) are unusual sequences of 20-100 base pairs, which are repeated several times and are arranged tandency.
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Question 561 Mark
What is the advantage of sequencing of genomes of non-human organisms?
Answer
Sequencing of genomes of non-human model organisms allows researchers to study gene functions in these organisms. Since human beings possess many genes which are like those of flies, roundworms and mice, comparative studies will lead to greater understanding of human evolution.
View full question & answer→
Question 571 Mark
What is functional genomics?
Answer
Functional genomics is a branch of genomics that involves the study of functions of all gene sequences and their expressions in organisms.
View full question & answer→
Question 581 Mark
When was Human Genome Project started ? When was it completed ?
Answer
The Human Genome Project was started in 1990 and was completed in 2003.
View full question & answer→
Question 591 Mark
Which gene acts as a regulatory gene in lac operon?
Answer
Repressor protein is produced by the action of gene i (inhibitor). This gene acts as a regulator gene.
View full question & answer→
Question 601 Mark
What lac operon consists of?
Answer
Lac operon consists of a regulator promoter, operator and three structural genes z, y and a.
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Question 611 Mark
In which condition, lac operon is switched off?
Answer
If E.coli bacteria do not have lactose in the surrounding medium as a source of energy, lac operon is switched off.
View full question & answer→
Question 621 Mark
Which molecule does act as inducer molecule in lac operon?
Answer
Allolactose acts as inducer molecule in lac operon.
View full question & answer→
Question 631 Mark
What is the role of a repressor gene?
Answer
The role of a repressor gene is to produce repressor protein. Repressor binds with operator gene and this prevents transcription of structural genes in the operon.
View full question & answer→
Question 641 Mark
What is meant by induction and inducer?
Answer
A set of genes are switched on when a new substrate is to be metabolized. This phenomenon is called induction and small molecule responsible for this is known as inducer.
View full question & answer→
Question 651 Mark
What is meant by inducible enzymes?
Answer
Bacteria like E.coli adapt to their chemical environment by synthesizing certain enzymes depending upon the substrate present. Such adaptive enzyme is called inducible enzyme.
View full question & answer→
Question 661 Mark
What is translocation?
Answer
During elongation of polypeptide chain, the ribosome moves along the m-RNA in stepwise manner from start codon to stop codon (5′ → 3′), 1 codon ahead each time t, his movement is called translocation and due to this t-RNA carrying a dipeptide at A-site of the ribosome moves to the p-site.
View full question & answer→
Question 671 Mark
Enlist different steps of protein synthesis.
Answer

Steps in protein synthesis are:

  1. Transcription
  2. Activation of amino acids and formation of charged t-RNAs,
  3. Synthesis of polypeptide chain:
  4. initiation
  5. elongation and
  6. termination of polypeptide chain.
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Question 681 Mark
What is the function of a groove present between two subunits of ribosome in eukaryotes ?
Answer
The groove present between two subunits of ribosomes in eukaryotes protects the polypeptide chain from the action of cellular enzymes and also protects m-RNA from the action of nucleases.
View full question & answer→
Question 691 Mark
Which molecule serves as an intermediate molecules between DNA and protein during proteins synthesis?
Answer
RNA serves as an intermediate molecule between DNA and protein during proteins synthesis.
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Question 701 Mark
Which mutation can result in insertion or deletion of amino acids, but reading frame remains unaltered?
Answer
Insertion or deletion of three or multiples of three bases results in insertion or deletion of amino acids and reading frame remains unaltered from that point onwards.
View full question & answer→
Question 711 Mark
Which mutation can result in changes in the reading frame?
Answer
Insertion or deletion of one or two bases changes the reading frame from the point of insertion or deletion.
View full question & answer→
Question 721 Mark
What is meant by the polarity of genetic code?
Answer
Genetic code is always read in 5′ → 3’ direction. This is called polarity of genetic code.
View full question & answer→
Question 731 Mark
What is a cryptogram?
Answer
Cryptogram is a genetic code consisting of triplet codons on m-RNA that code for a specific amino acids.
View full question & answer→
Question 741 Mark
Which strand of transcription unit gets transcribed ?
Answer
DNA strand having 3’ → 5’ polarity acts as template strand and it gets transcribed.
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Question 751 Mark
During which phases of cell cycle, transcription occurs in the nucleus?
Answer
Transcription occurs in the nucleus during G1 and G2 phases of cell cycle.
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Question 761 Mark
What is the function of SSBP?
Answer
During replication of DNA SSBP proteins remain attached to both the separated strands and prevent them from coiling back.
View full question & answer→
Question 771 Mark
How many replicons are present in prokaryotes and eukaryotes respectively?
Answer
Prokaryotes have one replicon. Several replicons in tandem are present in eukaryotes.
View full question & answer→
Question 781 Mark
List as many different enzyme activities required during DNA synthesis as you can.
Answer
Phosphorylase, Helicase, DNA polymerase, Primase, DNA ligase, Super helix relaxing enzyme, Topoisomerase (gyrase) are different enzymes required during DNA synthesis.
View full question & answer→
Question 801 Mark
How is chromatin fibre formed?
Answer
Supercoiling of solenoid fibre forms a looped structure called chromatin fibre.
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Question 811 Mark
How are solenoid fibres formed?
Answer
Six nucleosomes get coiled and then form solenoid that looks like coiled telephone wire of 30 nm diameter (300Å).
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Question 821 Mark
Where is $H1$ histone present?
Answer
$H_1$ histone binds the $\text{DNA}$ thread where it enters and leaves the nucleosome.
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Question 841 Mark
What determines the charge on protein molecules?
Answer
A protein acquires its charge depending upon the abundance of amino acid residues with charged side chains.
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Question 861 Mark
What is the approximate size of a typical nucleus ?
Answer
Approximate size of a typical nucleus is $10^{-6}$​​​​​​​ m.
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Question 871 Mark
What is the length of DNA double helix molecule in a typical mammalian cell?
Answer
The length of DNA double helix molecule in a typical mammalian cell is approximately 2.2 meters.
View full question & answer→
Question 881 Mark
What is the bacteriophage?
Answer
Bacteriophage is a virus that infects bacterium and injects its genetic material in the bacterium.
View full question & answer→
Question 891 Mark
Enlist the characteristics of S-strain pneumoniae.
Answer
S-strain pneumoniae are virulent, smooth and encapsulated.
View full question & answer→
Question 901 Mark
What are the two types of bacteria used by F. Griffith and which one out of these is avirulent?
Answer
S-type and R-type strains of Streptococcus penumoniae were used by F. Griffith and out of these R-type is avirulent.
View full question & answer→
Question 921 Mark
In bacteria, m-RNA does not require any processing.
Answer
In bacteria, m-RNA does not require any processing because it has no introns and it is synthesized in cytoplasm.
View full question & answer→
Question 931 Mark
Nuclein was called as nucleic acid.
Answer
Nuclein had acidic properties and it was isolated from nucleus. Hence, it was called as nucleic acid.
View full question & answer→
Question 941 Mark
Repressors
Answer
Repressors are proteins which are able to bind the operator region of operon and prevent the RNA polymerase from transcribing the operon.
View full question & answer→
Question 951 Mark
Genomics
Answer
Genomics is the study of genomes through analysis, sequencing and mapping of genes along with the study of their functions.
View full question & answer→
Question 961 Mark
Translation
Answer
Translation is the process in which sequence of codons of m-RNA is decoded and accordingly amino acids are added in specific sequence to form a polypeptide on ribosomes.
View full question & answer→
Question 971 Mark
Mutation
Answer
Mutation is a sudden heritable change in the DNA sequence that results in the change of genotype.
View full question & answer→
Question 981 Mark
Anticodon
Answer
Anticodon is a triplet of nucleotides present on the anticodon loop of t-RNA, which is complementary to codon on m-RNA.
View full question & answer→
Question 1011 Mark
Interrupted or Split genes
Answer
Interrupted or split genes are the structural genes in eukaryotes which have both exons and introns.
View full question & answer→
Question 1021 Mark
Polycistronic gene
Answer
Gene is called polycistronic, when there is a set of various structural genes in one transcription unit.
View full question & answer→
Question 1031 Mark
Monocistronic gene
Answer
Gene is called monocistronic, when there is a single structural gene in one transcription unit.
View full question & answer→
Question 1061 Mark
Transcription
Answer
Transcription is defined as the process of copying of genetic information from template strand of DNA into a complementary single stranded RNA transcript.
View full question & answer→
Question 1081 Mark
What is the amino acid sequence encoded by base sequence UCA, UUU, UCC, GGG, AGU of an m-RNA segment?
Answer
The amino acid sequence: Ser-Phe – Ser – Gly- Ser
View full question & answer→
Question 1101 Mark
What are VNTRs?
Answer
Variable Number of Tandem Repeats (VNTRs) are unusual sequences of 20-100 base pairs, which are repeated several times and are arranged tandency.
View full question & answer→
Question 1111 Mark
What is the advantage of sequencing of genomes of non-human organisms?
Answer
Sequencing of genomes of non-human model organisms allows researchers to study gene functions in these organisms. Since human beings possess many genes which are like those of flies, roundworms and mice, comparative studies will lead to greater understanding of human evolution.
View full question & answer→
Question 1121 Mark
What is functional genomics?
Answer
Functional genomics is a branch of genomics that involves the study of functions of all gene sequences and their expressions in organisms.
View full question & answer→
Question 1131 Mark
When was Human Genome Project started ? When was it completed ?
Answer
The Human Genome Project was started in 1990 and was completed in 2003.
View full question & answer→
Question 1141 Mark
Which gene acts as a regulatory gene in lac operon?
Answer
Repressor protein is produced by the action of gene i (inhibitor). This gene acts as a regulator gene.
View full question & answer→
Question 1151 Mark
What lac operon consists of?
Answer
Lac operon consists of a regulator promoter, operator and three structural genes z, y and a.
View full question & answer→
Question 1161 Mark
In which condition, lac operon is switched off?
Answer
If E.coli bacteria do not have lactose in the surrounding medium as a source of energy, lac operon is switched off.
View full question & answer→
Question 1171 Mark
Which molecule does act as inducer molecule in lac operon?
Answer
Allolactose acts as inducer molecule in lac operon.
View full question & answer→
Question 1181 Mark
What is the role of a repressor gene?
Answer
The role of a repressor gene is to produce repressor protein. Repressor binds with operator gene and this prevents transcription of structural genes in the operon.
View full question & answer→
Question 1191 Mark
What is meant by induction and inducer?
Answer
A set of genes are switched on when a new substrate is to be metabolized. This phenomenon is called induction and small molecule responsible for this is known as inducer.
View full question & answer→
Question 1201 Mark
What is meant by inducible enzymes?
Answer
Bacteria like E.coli adapt to their chemical environment by synthesizing certain enzymes depending upon the substrate present. Such adaptive enzyme is called inducible enzyme.
View full question & answer→
Question 1211 Mark
What is translocation?
Answer
During elongation of polypeptide chain, the ribosome moves along the m-RNA in stepwise manner from start codon to stop codon (5′ → 3′), 1 codon ahead each time t, his movement is called translocation and due to this t-RNA carrying a dipeptide at A-site of the ribosome moves to the p-site.
View full question & answer→
Question 1221 Mark
Enlist different steps of protein synthesis.
Answer

Steps in protein synthesis are:

  1. Transcription
  2. Activation of amino acids and formation of charged t-RNAs,
  3. Synthesis of polypeptide chain:
  4. initiation
  5. elongation and
  6. termination of polypeptide chain.
View full question & answer→
Question 1231 Mark
What is the function of a groove present between two subunits of ribosome in eukaryotes ?
Answer
The groove present between two subunits of ribosomes in eukaryotes protects the polypeptide chain from the action of cellular enzymes and also protects m-RNA from the action of nucleases.
View full question & answer→
Question 1241 Mark
Which molecule serves as an intermediate molecules between DNA and protein during proteins synthesis?
Answer
RNA serves as an intermediate molecule between DNA and protein during proteins synthesis.
View full question & answer→
Question 1251 Mark
Which mutation can result in insertion or deletion of amino acids, but reading frame remains unaltered?
Answer
Insertion or deletion of three or multiples of three bases results in insertion or deletion of amino acids and reading frame remains unaltered from that point onwards.
View full question & answer→
Question 1261 Mark
Which mutation can result in changes in the reading frame?
Answer
Insertion or deletion of one or two bases changes the reading frame from the point of insertion or deletion.
View full question & answer→
Question 1271 Mark
What is meant by the polarity of genetic code?
Answer
Genetic code is always read in 5′ → 3’ direction. This is called polarity of genetic code.
View full question & answer→
Question 1281 Mark
What is a cryptogram?
Answer
Cryptogram is a genetic code consisting of triplet codons on m-RNA that code for a specific amino acids.
View full question & answer→
Question 1291 Mark
Which strand of transcription unit gets transcribed ?
Answer
DNA strand having 3’ → 5’ polarity acts as template strand and it gets transcribed.
View full question & answer→
Question 1301 Mark
During which phases of cell cycle, transcription occurs in the nucleus?
Answer
Transcription occurs in the nucleus during G1 and G2 phases of cell cycle.
View full question & answer→
Question 1311 Mark
What is the function of SSBP?
Answer
During replication of DNA SSBP proteins remain attached to both the separated strands and prevent them from coiling back.
View full question & answer→
Question 1321 Mark
How many replicons are present in prokaryotes and eukaryotes respectively?
Answer
Prokaryotes have one replicon. Several replicons in tandem are present in eukaryotes.
View full question & answer→
Question 1331 Mark
List as many different enzyme activities required during DNA synthesis as you can.
Answer
Phosphorylase, Helicase, DNA polymerase, Primase, DNA ligase, Super helix relaxing enzyme, Topoisomerase (gyrase) are different enzymes required during DNA synthesis.
View full question & answer→
Question 1351 Mark
How is chromatin fibre formed?
Answer
Supercoiling of solenoid fibre forms a looped structure called chromatin fibre.
View full question & answer→
Question 1361 Mark
How are solenoid fibres formed?
Answer
Six nucleosomes get coiled and then form solenoid that looks like coiled telephone wire of 30 nm diameter (300Å).
View full question & answer→
Question 1371 Mark
Where is $H_1$ histone present?
Answer
$H_1$ histone binds the $\text{DNA}$ thread where it enters and leaves the nucleosome.
View full question & answer→
Question 1391 Mark
What determines the charge on protein molecules?
Answer
A protein acquires its charge depending upon the abundance of amino acid residues with charged side chains.
View full question & answer→
Question 1411 Mark
What is the approximate size of a typical nucleus ?
Answer
Approximate size of a typical nucleus is $10^{-6}$ m.
View full question & answer→
Question 1421 Mark
What is the length of DNA double helix molecule in a typical mammalian cell?
Answer
The length of DNA double helix molecule in a typical mammalian cell is approximately 2.2 meters.
View full question & answer→
Question 1431 Mark
What is the bacteriophage?
Answer
Bacteriophage is a virus that infects bacterium and injects its genetic material in the bacterium.
View full question & answer→
Question 1441 Mark
Enlist the characteristics of S-strain pneumoniae.
Answer
S-strain pneumoniae are virulent, smooth and encapsulated.
View full question & answer→
Question 1451 Mark
What are the two types of bacteria used by F. Griffith and which one out of these is avirulent?
Answer
S-type and R-type strains of Streptococcus penumoniae were used by F. Griffith and out of these R-type is avirulent.
View full question & answer→
Question 1461 Mark
Name the organisms whose genomes have been sequenced?
Answer
The genomes of several organisms such as bacteria e.g. E.coli, Caenorhabditis elegans (a free living non-pathogenic nematode), Saccharomyces cerevisiae (yeast), Drosophila (fruit fly), plants (rice and Arabidopsis), Mus musculus (mouse), etc. have been sequenced.
View full question & answer→
Question 1471 Mark
Name the different structural genes in sequence of lac operon.
Answer
There are 3 structural genes in the sequence lac-Z, lac-Y and lac-A.
View full question & answer→
Question 1481 Mark
Name three binding sites of ribosome.
Answer
Three binding sites for t-RNA on ribosomes are P-site (peptidy t-RNA-site), A-site (aminoacyl – t-RNA-site) and E-site (exit site).
View full question & answer→
Question 1681 Mark
Repressors
Answer
Repressors are proteins which are able to bind the operator region of operon and prevent the RNA polymerase from transcribing the operon.
View full question & answer→
Question 1691 Mark
Genomics
Answer
Genomics is the study of genomes through analysis, sequencing and mapping of genes along with the study of their functions.
View full question & answer→
Question 1701 Mark
Translation
Answer
Translation is the process in which sequence of codons of m-RNA is decoded and accordingly amino acids are added in specific sequence to form a polypeptide on ribosomes.
View full question & answer→
Question 1711 Mark
Mutation
Answer
Mutation is a sudden heritable change in the DNA sequence that results in the change of genotype.
View full question & answer→
Question 1721 Mark
Anticodon
Answer
Anticodon is a triplet of nucleotides present on the anticodon loop of t-RNA, which is complementary to codon on m-RNA.
View full question & answer→
Question 1751 Mark
Interrupted or Split genes
Answer
Interrupted or split genes are the structural genes in eukaryotes which have both exons and introns.
View full question & answer→
Question 1761 Mark
Polycistronic gene
Answer
Gene is called polycistronic, when there is a set of various structural genes in one transcription unit.
View full question & answer→
Question 1771 Mark
Monocistronic gene
Answer
Gene is called monocistronic, when there is a single structural gene in one transcription unit.
View full question & answer→
Question 1801 Mark
Transcription
Answer
Transcription is defined as the process of copying of genetic information from template strand of DNA into a complementary single stranded RNA transcript.
View full question & answer→
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