Biology Answer the following questions

There are three phases of growth and the total time required for all phases to occur is called grand period of growth.

The response of plant to the influence of light for initiation of flowering is known as photoperiodism.

The response of plant to the influence of low temperature on flowering in plants is called vernalization.

In rosette plants like beet and cabbage, bolting, i.e. elongation of internodes before flowering is observed due to effect of gibberellins.

Nitrobacter.

Anaerobic bacteria can convert nitrates of soil back into nitrogen gas. That process performed by denitrifying bacteria is denitrification.

Abscissic acid.

In plants the growth is indeterminate and takes place throughout the life at specific regions having meristems.

Full form is Indole Acetic Acid.

The three phases of growth are phase of cell division, phase of cell enlargement and phase of cell maturation.

Nitrogen is essential macronutrient for plant growth, it is constituent of amino acids, proteins, nucleic acids, vitamins, hormones, ATP coenzymes, chlorophyll molecule. It is limiting nutrient for plant productivity and agricultural ecosystem. Through food chain it moves to consumers, i.e. animals and decomposers.

It is response of flowering to low temperature treatment which helps in cultivation of crops in regions where they do not occur naturally and also crops can be produced earlier.

It is a proteinaceous pigment present in leaves which perceives stimulus of light for flowering. As it is interconvertible in two forms, it promotes flowering in SDP and inhibits flowering in LDE.

It is natural growth inhibiting substance in plants and it acts as plant anti Iranspirant causing closure of stomata. It is stress hormone that induces plant to bear the adverse environmental conditions like drought.

It is used for fruit ripening and as it causes degreening effect by increasing activity of chlorophyllase enzyme for banana and citrus fruits.

Coconut milk contains natural cytokinin substance kinetin which is used as nutritional supplement for callus tissue culture where proliferation is noticed due to promotion of cell division.

It is selective herbicide which kills dicot weeds and foliar spray of 2, 4-D induces flowering in litchi and pineapple, prevents premature fruit drop in apples, pear, oranges.

In plants meristems are situated at specific regions where growth takes place by constant and continuous addition of new cells. Meristems have capacity to divide (Mitotic divisions).

6 – benzyl adenine.

Heterocysts.

Diazotrophs or Nitrogen fixers.

Asparagine and Glutamine.

Reductive animation and Transamination.

Vernalin.

Abscissic acid.

Mevalonic acid.

Ethephon – 2 chloroethyl phosphoric acid.

Auxin.

Kinetin (cytokinin).

Gibberellic acid (GA).

2, 4 – D (dichlorophenoxy acetic acid).

Amino acid tryptophan is precursor of Indole acetic acid (IAA).

Ethylene and abscissic acid.

Auxins, gibberellins and cytokinins.

Heterophylly.

Plasticity.

Dedifferentiation.

J-shaped or exponential growth curve.

Auxanometer.

Crescograph developed by Sir J.C. Bose.

Ammonia may be absorbed by amino acids to produce amides. This process is called amidation.

Soil microbes, mainly : chemoautotrophs convert ammonia into j nitrate, the form of nitrogen which can be used by plants, this process is nitrification.

Uptake of mineral ions against concentration gradient, with expenditure of energy (ATP) is called active absorption.

Any visible deviation from the normal structure and function of the plant is called symptom or hunger sign.

The control of morphogenesis of plants by light and phytochrome is photomorphogenesis.

That length of photoperiod above or below which the plant shows flowering is critical photoperiod.

In higher plants growing apical bud inhibits the growth of lateral buds. This is known as apical dominance.

The internal factors that influence growth by inhibiting, promoting or modifying it are called growth hormones or regulators.

The progressive changes in shape, form and degree of complexity which includes growth, maturation and morphogenesis is referred as development.

When cells produced from de-differentiation lose their capacity to divide and mature for specific function it is known as re-differentiation.

A permanent change in structure and function of cells that leads to their maturation is called differentiation.

The growth of a particular system per unit time expressed on a common basis or alternately it is the ratio of growth in the given time per initial growth.

The measurement and comparison of total growth per unit time is called absolute growth rate.

The increased growth per unit time is called efficiency index.

Growth can be defined as permanent, irreversible increase in the bulk of an organism with change in form.

Nitrogen present in the soil as nitrates, nitrites and ammonia is absorbed by plants and converted into nitrogenous organic compounds is nitrogen assimilation.

Industrial nitrogen fixation by Haber – Bosch Nitrate process is responsible for nitrogen found in human tissues.

Nitrogen is constituent of amino acids, proteins, nucleic acid, vitamins, hormones, coenzymes, ATP and chlorophyll molecule.

Sulphur is constituent of amino acids, proteins, vitamins (mainly thaimine, biotin CoA) and Ferredoxin.

The concentration of the essential elements below which plant growth is retarded is termed as critical concentration.

Control of morphogenesis by light and phytochrome pigment is called photomorphogenesis.

The flowering response of Soybean and Maryland mammoth variety of tobacco was studied by Garner and Allard.

ABA induces dormancy in seeds by inhibiting growth. Thus plants can tide over adverse environmental conditions. Hence it is called as stress hormone.

Avena curvature test/Avena coleoptile test is a standard bioassay method for auxins.

By application of cytokinin we can overcome apical dominance effect.

Gibberellin causes parthenocarpy in apple.

Auxin is synthesized at meristematic region of plants and it controls cell enlargement, cell elongation and stimulates growth of stem and root, apical dominance. Hence it is growth promoting hormone.

It is an effect of ethylene where it causes drooping of leaves and flowers.

Richmond and Lang discovered that cytokinins delay the process of ageing and senescence, abscission in plant organs.

Cytokinins promote growth of lateral buds by cell division and thus control apical dominance.

Foliar spray of synthetic hormones induce flowering in plants litchi and pineapple and prevent premature fruit drop in apples, pear and oranges.

It is synthetic auxin 2, 4-dichlorophenoxy acetic acid.

Auxin IAA i.e. Indole acetic acid is the first hormone to be discovered in plants.

Growth hormones are needed in very small amount to evoke the response and they act at a site away from their place of production.

Growth hormones inhibit, promote or modify the growth in plants.

In plants like cotton, coriander and larkspur heterophylly is observed where leaves in juvenile stage and adult stage show different forms.

Embryo that develops from zygote inside the seed shows initially the growth which is geometric and later on arithmetic.

Yes, there is relation between the two as initially growth is slow, which accelerates and ultimately it slows down and becomes steady which is observed in growth curve.

In exponential phase or log phase, growth rate is faster. It accelerates and reaches its maximum.

Water maintains turgidity of the cell and is chief component of protoplasm as well as it is a medium for various biochemical reactions.

Oxygen is required for respiration of cells and release of energy for the process of growth.

Meristematic cells are thin walled, non- vacuolated with prominent nuclei having granular cytoplasm and are capable of cell division.

In plants, there are apical, intercalary and lateral meristems.

Nitrogen present in the soil as nitrates, nitrites and ammonia is absorbed by plants and converted into nitrogenous organic compounds is nitrogen assimilation.

Industrial nitrogen fixation by Haber – Bosch Nitrate process is responsible for nitrogen found in human tissues.

Nitrogen is constituent of amino acids, proteins, nucleic acid, vitamins, hormones, coenzymes, ATP and chlorophyll molecule.

Sulphur is constituent of amino acids, proteins, vitamins (mainly thaimine, biotin CoA) and Ferredoxin.

The concentration of the essential elements below which plant growth is retarded is termed as critical concentration.

Control of morphogenesis by light and phytochrome pigment is called photomorphogenesis.

The flowering response of Soybean and Maryland mammoth variety of tobacco was studied by Garner and Allard.

Answer: ABA induces dormancy in seeds by inhibiting growth. Thus plants can tide over adverse environmental conditions. Hence it is called as stress hormone.

Avena curvature test/Avena coleoptile test is a standard bioassay method for auxins.

By application of cytokinin we can overcome apical dominance effect.

Gibberellin causes parthenocarpy in apple.

Auxin is synthesized at meristematic region of plants and it controls cell enlargement, cell elongation and stimulates growth of stem and root, apical dominance. Hence it is growth promoting hormone.

It is an effect of ethylene where it causes drooping of leaves and flowers.

Richmond and Lang discovered that cytokinins delay the process of ageing and senescence, abscission in plant organs.

Cytokinins promote growth of lateral buds by cell division and thus control apical dominance.

Foliar spray of synthetic hormones induce flowering in plants litchi and pineapple and prevent premature fruit drop in apples, pear and oranges.

It is synthetic auxin 2, 4-dichlorophenoxy acetic acid.

Auxin IAA i.e. Indole acetic acid is the first hormone to be discovered in plants.

Growth hormones are needed in very small amount to evoke the response and they act at a site away from their place of production.

Growth hormones inhibit, promote or modify the growth in plants.

In plants like cotton, coriander and larkspur heterophylly is observed where leaves in juvenile stage and adult stage show different forms.

Embryo that develops from zygote inside the seed shows initially the growth which is geometric and later on arithmetic.

Yes, there is relation between the two as initially growth is slow, which accelerates and ultimately it slows down and becomes steady which is observed in growth curve.

In exponential phase or log phase, growth rate is faster. It accelerates and reaches its maximum.

Water maintains turgidity of the cell and is chief component of protoplasm as well as it is a medium for various biochemical reactions.

Oxygen is required for respiration of cells and release of energy for the process of growth.

Meristematic cells are thin walled, non- vacuolated with prominent nuclei having granular cytoplasm and are capable of cell division.

In plants, there are apical, intercalary and lateral meristems.

6 – benzyl adenine.

Heterocysts.

Diazotrophs or Nitrogen fixers.

Asparagine and Glutamine.

Reductive animation and Transamination.

Vernalin.

Abscissic acid.

Mevalonic acid.

Ethephon – 2 chloroethyl phosphoric acid.

Auxin.

Kinetin (cytokinin).

Gibberellic acid (GA).

2, 4 – D (dichlorophenoxy acetic acid).

Amino acid tryptophan is precursor of Indole acetic acid (IAA).

Ethylene and abscissic acid.

Auxins, gibberellins and cytokinins.

Heterophylly.

Plasticity.

Dedifferentiation.

J-shaped or exponential growth curve.

Auxanometer.

Crescograph developed by Sir J.C. Bose.

Ammonia may be absorbed by amino acids to produce amides. This process is called amidation.

Soil microbes, mainly : chemoautotrophs convert ammonia into j nitrate, the form of nitrogen which can be used by plants, this process is nitrification.

Free nitrogen of air N2 is converted to nitrogenous salts so that it is made available to plants is called nitrogen fixation.

Uptake of mineral ions against concentration gradient, with expenditure of energy (ATP) is called active absorption.

Any visible deviation from the normal structure and function of the plant is called symptom or hunger sign.

The control of morphogenesis of plants by light and phytochrome is photomorphogenesis.

That length of photoperiod above or below which the plant shows flowering is critical photoperiod.

In higher plants growing apical bud inhibits the growth of lateral buds. This is known as apical dominance.

The internal factors that influence growth by inhibiting, promoting or modifying it are called growth hormones or regulators.

The progressive changes in shape, form and degree of complexity which includes growth, maturation and morphogenesis is referred as development.

When cells produced from de-differentiation lose their capacity to divide and mature for specific function it is known as re-differentiation.

A permanent change in structure and function of cells that leads to their maturation is called differentiation.

The growth of a particular system per unit time expressed on a common basis or alternately it is the ratio of growth in the given time per initial growth.

The measurement and comparison of total growth per unit time is called absolute growth rate.

The increased growth per unit time is called efficiency index.

Growth can be defined as permanent, irreversible increase in the bulk of an organism with change in form.