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Ecosystems · Maharashtra Board STD 8 (MSBSHSE - English Medium). 5 questions.

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Question 13 Marks
Differentiate between evergreen forests and grasslands.
Answer
Evergreen forestsGrasslands
1. About seven percent of the Earth’s surface is occupied by evergreen forests.1. About 30 percent of the Earth’s surface is covered by grasslands.
2. More than half of the earth’s terrestrial plants and animals are seen in evergreen forests.2. Grazing animals are seen in grasslands.
3. Tropical evergreen forests are dense, multi-layered.3. Grasslands consist of tall grass. There are wild grasses and there may be some trees.
4. These forests are found in the areas receiving more than 200 cm annual rainfall i.e. very heavy rainfall.4. There is an average of 20 – 35 inches of rainfall a year in grasslands.
5. Tropical regions show evergreen forests.5. Several parts of the world have grasslands.
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Question 23 Marks
Explain the interactions among the factors of an ecosystem.
Answer
  1. The abiotic factors such as air, water, soil, sunlight, temperature, humidity, etc. affect the biotic factors, i.e. the surviving plants, animals and microbes in the ecosystem.
  2. The type of abiotic factors in an ecosystem determine the survival of biotic factors. The population of these biotic factors is also dependent on the quality of abiotic factors.
  3. The proportion of abiotic factors in an ecosystem fluctuates as biotic factors use up or release particular abiotic factors.
  4. Every biotic factor also interacts with its necessary abiotic factors as well as other biotic factors around it.
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Question 33 Marks
What are the reasons for war?
Answer
There are difference of opinions and competition over land, water, mineral resources, etc. among neighbouring countries. Moreover, there can be economic and political causes which lead to war among different countries. Many times the l religions and ethnicity are also caused for dispute. Due to international conflicts, the peace is disturbed and it results in war.
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Question 43 Marks
How is urbanization responsible for destruction of ecosystems?
Answer
When people do not get sufficient food and other amenities, they migrate to the cities. The cities provide employment for many people due to industries, factories and other facilities. Every day many people migrate to cities. This causes urbanization. Due to increased population in cities, there is more need for housing. This results in loss of agricultural lands, marshlands, wetlands, forests and grasslands, etc.

The natural ecosystems are lost in an attempt to have developmental work. Human interference causes changes in the ecosystems. When land usage is changed many naturally occurring species of plants and animals are exterminated. Animal- human conflicts are very common in newly established urban areas which are near the natural forests.

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Question 53 Marks
What are the effects of increased population (of human beings) on ecosystems?
Answer
  1. Human population growth rate is very big as compared to other animals.
  2. Moreover, they are apex consumers in an ecosystem. Just like any other organisms, ecosystems provide all the basic needs to humans, too.
  3. However, man demands much more due to excessive population. The natural resources are utilized on the large scale only by man.
  4. Changing lifestyles, consumerism, degradation of nature and pollution are certain aspects which are created only by human beings.
  5. All these cause increased stress on the ecosystems. Large human population also produces large-scale solid wastes.
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