Science Answer the following question.

• In this model, predictions are based upon those parameters used in other models which have the greatest effect on the monsoon.
• Nowadays, predictions declared by IMD are the collective outcome of various model. This is called a holistic model.

• In this model, current climatic observations in a region are compared with earlier parameters such as oceanic temperature, atmospheric” pressure and the nature of the monsoon rainfall for several years.
• This data is comparatively analysed by statistical methods and predictions are made about the monsoon in the present conditions.

• Cradle Method: This method is used for children and under-weight victims.
• Carrying piggy back: This method is used for carrying patients who are unconscious.
• Human crutch method: If one of the legs is injured, the victim should be supported with minimum load on the other leg.
• Pulling or lifting method: This method is used for carrying an unconscious patient, through a short distance.
• Carrying on four-hand chair: This method is used when support is needed for the part below the waist.
• Carrying on two-hand chair: This method is useful for those patients who cannot use their hands but can hold their body upright.
• Stretcher: In an emergency, if a conventional stretcher is not available, then a temporary stretcher can be made using bamboo, blanket, etc.

1. Daily weather as also long term climatic conditions influence human lifestyle directly or indirectly.
2. Land, water bodies, plants and animals collectively form the natural environment on earth. This environment is responsible for the development of organisms.
3. The climate of a particular region helps to determine the diet, clothing, housing, occupations and lifestyle of the people of that region. For example, the characteristic lifestyle of Kashmiri and Rajasthani people.
4. Salinity of marine water, formation of oceanic currents, water cycle, etc. are all related to various weather and climatic factors.
5. Various climatic factors bring about the weathering of rocks in the earth’s crust.
6. Climate plays a very important role in the formation and enrichment of soil.
7. Microbes in the soil play an important role in formation of organic materials. This process depends upon various climatic factors.

1. Airway: If the victim has difficulty in breathing, the head should be held in a backward sloping position or the chin should be raised so that the respiratory passage remains open.
2. Breathing: If breathing has stopped, the victim should be given artificial ventilation by mouth to mouth resuscitation.
3. Circulation: If the victim is unconscious, then after giving mouth to mouth respiration twice,

• Plastic waste is the accumulation of plastic products in the environment that adversely affects environment, humans and animals.
• Plastic waste is excessively generated as plastic is inexpensive and durable.
• Plastic is slow to degrade. It takes around 10 lakh years for certain plastic bags to degrade. .
• Plastic waste affects land and water.
• It also affects the health of animals, cattle unknowingly ingest these plastic bags leading to stomach cancer in them.
• Plastic also releases toxic chemicals which are carcinogenic to humAnswer:
• To avoid plastic waste, cloth bags should be used instead of plastic bags. Plastic articles should be recycled.

• Industrial waste is the waste produced by industrial processes or activities.
• There is a huge variety of industries producing different types of materials and articles. All of these use raw materials and give out a lot of waste.
• There are hundreds of mines which extract copper, silver, gold, iron, coal etc. Huge quantities of waste are produced while processing them.
• Cement industries give out solid, liquid and gaseous wastes.
• While refining crude oil, a lot of poisonous gaseous and liquid wastes are produced.
• Construction units produce huge quantities of waste stones, pebbles, broken bricks, wood waste etc. Mostly they are dumped in landfills.
• It also includes chemicals, pigments, sludge, ash, metal, etc. given out from mining, textile, construction, chemical industries.

1. The tradition of forecasting the monsoon season in India is older than 100 years.
2. After the famine of 1877, H.F. Blanford, the founder of IMD had made such a prediction for the first time taking the snowfall in the Himalayas as a parameter for this prediction.
3. In the decade of the 1930’s, the then director of IMD, Sir Gilbert Walker had underlined the relationship between various worldwide climatic factors and the Indian monsoon and based on available observations and previous recordings related to this relationship, he put forth a hypothesis regarding the nature of the monsoon.
4. With the initiative of Dr. Vasantrao Govarikar in the decade of the 1990’s, a monsoon model based upon 16 worldwide climatic parameters was developed. This model was in use from 1990 to 2002.
5. Presently, new models are being developed at IITM. Work is in progress at two levels, namely designing new models and developing new technology.
6. The main focus is on the development of the radar system and satellite technology.

• The climate of a particular region is the average of daily readings of various weather-related parameters recorded for several years.
• Climatic factors include direction and speed of wind, temperature, atmospheric pressure, clouds, rainfall, humidity, visibility etc.
• These factors influence our basic needs like food, clothing, shelter as well as our occupations.
• Various climatic factors bring about the weathering of rocks in the earth’s crust.
• Microbes in the soil play an important role in formation of organic materials. This process also depends upon various climatic factors.

• The science that studies the inter-relationship between the various components of air, natural cycles, geological movements of the earth and climate is called meteorology.
• Meteorology includes the study of storms, clouds, rainfall, thunder, lightning etc.
• Depending upon the study of such factors, weather forecasts are made.
• They are useful to common people, farmers, fisheries, aviation services, water transport and various other organizations.

• Following the 3R mantra : Reduce (reducing the waste), reuse (reuse of waste) and recycle (recycling of waste).
• Throwing plastic wrappers of chocolates, ice-creams, biscuits, etc. into dust bins. Avoid littering.
• Avoiding the use of plastic bags and instead using cloth bags or bags prepared from old sarees, bed-sheets, curtains, etc.
• Using both sides of a paper for writing. Reusing greeting cards and gift papers.
• Avoiding use of tissue paper and preferring to use one’s own handkerchief.
• Using rechargeable batteries instead of lead batteries.
• Implementing various programmes of solid waste management and educating, encouraging the family and society in this regard.
• Avoiding ‘use and throw’ type of articles like pens, canned cold drinks and tetra-packs etc.

• e-waste is electronic waste which includes non-functional TV Sets, cell phones, music systems, computers and their parts, etc.
• E-waste contains heavy metals like lead, beryllium, mercury and cadmium.
• These metals accumulate in the soil for long periods and thus affect the biodiversity of the soil.
• Many a times e-waste like battery etc. contain acids which make the soil acidic.
• e-waste can cause ground water pollution, which also affects living organisms when they drink this polluted water.
• Thus, e-waste affects human health and soil microorganisms directly or indirectly.

1. Depending upon the factors such as storms, clouds, rainfall, etc., weather forecasts are made. It is useful in aviation, shipping, fishing, industries as well as during natural calamities like dust storms, sand storms, heavy rainfall, tsunami etc where proper predictions are made with well equipped satellites and highclass technology.
2. Observatories at several locations are doing excellent work in the analysis of the information received from these satellites.
3. This data can be used in prevention of losses and danger, improving tolerance, providing relief from disaster, minimising the intensity and extent of harm as well as preparation to face the disaster.

• Waste separation : In this method, dry and wet wastes are separated, stored and later collected for proper use.
• Composting : Decomposition of degradable kitchen waste in small pits in the backyard, garden or terrace is called composting. Good quality manure can be produced by composting leftover food, peels of fruits, vegetables etc.
• Vermicomposting : Converting solid waste into manure or compost with the help of earthworms is called vermicomposting.
• Vermicompost manure is highly nutritious and can be used for agricultural purposes and garden plants.
• Secured landfill : Solid waste is disposed off in secured landfills.
• The site for secured landfill is selected minimum 2 km away from water bodies and human habitation.
• Care is taken to see that the site does not fall in sensitive zone.
• The landfills are layered with clay and plastic and then the garbage is spread and left to decompose naturally.
• Pyrolysis : In this method, the waste is heated to a high temperature to obtain gas and electricity.
• Semi-combustible waste is burnt in pyrolysis. It is suitable for municipal solid waste management.
• Incineration: Biomedical waste is burnt in incinerators to kill the pathogens. Disinfection and sterilization is also done while treating the biomedical waste.

(ii) Fracture and impact on vertebrae : If any bone is fractured, it is essential that the fractured part be immobilized. It can be done with the help of any available wooden rods / batons / rulers. If there is an impact on the back or vertebral column; the patient should be kept immobile on a firm stretcher.

(iii) Bums : If victims have bum injuries, it is beneficial to hold the injured part under clean and cold flowing water for at least 10 minutes.

(ii) A few other factors affecting urbanisation are air, water and the economic as well as social organisations necessary for community life.

(iii) In the context of post-independence India, the increase in urban population is also due to factors such as a reduction in the mortality rate, industrialisation, unavailability of means of livelihood in rural areas, job opportunities in cities and the resulting migration.

(ii) These artificial body parts manufactured with the help of the Jaipur foot technology have made it easy for the differently-abled to walk bare-foot on rough surfaces, run, go cycling, work in the fields, climb trees, and even climb mountains, etc.

• During the pre-independence period, the institution of the family was an important identifying feature of Indian society.
• India was known all over the world as the country of joint families.
• However, the wave of globalisation has now given an impetus to the system of nuclear families.

(ii) The State of Maharashtra registered remarkable achievements under this scheme. For example, ‘Zilla Parishads’ was established in 1962.

(iii) Nutritious diet scheme was launched in 1970-1971. The State also started the ‘Rural Water Supply Scheme’ for sinking wells and providing piped water.

(iv) By 1971,1677 small dams had also been built.

(ii) Laws were enacted so that they got educational scholarships, and representation in Parliament as well State Assemblies. Some seats are also reserved for them in Government services.

(ii) In order to remedy the situation, Dr Pramod Sethi designed and manufactured artificial limbs, noses and ears, with the help of the skilled craftsman Ramchandra Sharma.

(iii) These artificial body parts manufactured with the help of the Jaipur foot technology have made it easy for the differently abled to walk bare-foot on rough surfaces, rim, go cycling, work in the fields, climb trees, and even climb mountains, etc.

(iv) They save on the expenses on shoes as there is no need for footwear on these artificial limbs. They can bend their legs at the knees and sit cross-legged.

(v) These feet are also convenient while working in water or wet conditions.

(ii) In 1971, kidney transplant was successfully performed at the Christian Medical College hospital at Vellore in Tamil Nadu. Dr Johny and Dr Mohan Rao transplanted the kidney donated by a living person into the patient’s body.