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BIOLOGY 2 Marks Questions

Digestion and Absorption · MP Board (MPBSE) STD 11 Science (Madhya Pradesh - English Medium). 74 questions.

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Question 12 Marks
Answer briefly: How does bile help in the digestion of fats?
Answer
The bile released into the duodenum contains bile pigments (bilirubin and biliverdin), bile salts, cholesterol and phospholipids but no enzymes. Bile helps in emulsification of fats, i.e. breaking down of fats into small micelles. It also activates lipases which carry out the digestion of fats.
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Question 22 Marks
Answer briefly: How does pepsinogen change into its active form?
Answer
The proenzyme pepsinogen, on exposure to hydrochloric acid, gets converted into the active enzyme pepsin, the proteolytic enzyme of the stomach. Pepsin converts proteins into proteoses and peptones (peptides). Pepsinogen → Pepsin + Protein → Proteose + Peptone.
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Question 32 Marks
Give the dental formula of human beings.
Answer
The dental formula expresses the arrangement of teeth in each half of the upper jaw and the lower jaw. The entire formula is multiplied by two to express the total number of teeth. The dental formula for milk teeth in humans is: $\frac{2102}{2102}\times2=20$ Each half of the upper jaw and the lower jaw has 2 incisors, 1 canine, and 2 molars. Premolars are absent in milk teeth. The dental formula for permanent teeth in humans is: $\frac{2123}{2123}\times2=32$ Each half of the upper jaw and the lower jaw has 2 incisors, 1 canine, 2 premolars, and 3 molars. An adult human has 32 permanent teeth.
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Question 42 Marks
Give the name along with the function of each of the three major kinds of cells of the gastric glands.
Answer
Gastric glands include three major types of cells. These are as follows:
S.No.
 
 
1.
Mucus (neck) cells
Secrete mucus
2.
Peptic or chief cells
Secrete pepsinogen
3.
Parietal or oxyntic cells.
Secrete hydrochloric acid and intrinsic factor.
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Question 52 Marks
Why is the egestion process of food necessary?
Answer
As the digestive waste reaches the rectum, it gets accumulated in rectum. If it is not excreted out through egestion process, it will intoxicate the whole body.
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Question 62 Marks
Name the four electrolytes and the two enzymes present in saliva.
Answer
  • The electrolytes in saliva are $Na ^{+}, K ^{+}, Cl ^{-}$and $HCO _{-3}$, ions.
  • The enzymes are salivary amylase and lysozymes.
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Question 72 Marks
Mention the two important functions performed by large intestine.
Answer
  1. Absorption of water, minerals and certain drugs.
  2. Secretion of mucus that helps in adhering the undigested wastes into coherent faeces and lubricating it for easy passage.
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Question 82 Marks
Name the part of the alimentary canal, where major absorption of digested food takes place. What are the absorbed forms of different kinds of food materials?
Answer
The maximum absorption of digested food occurs in the small intestine of alimentary canal. The absorbed form of different food materials are:
S.No. Food Material Absorbed Form
1. Carbohydrate Glucose
2. Protein Amino acid
3. Fat Fatty acid
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Question 92 Marks
What are the causes of kwashiorkar?
Answer
Causes of Kwashiorkar: Protein deficiency unaccompanied by calorie deficiency can lead to kwashiorkar. It results from the replacement of mother's milk by a high calorie low protein diet in child more than one year in age.
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Question 102 Marks
In which part of the alimentary canal major absorption of digested food takes place? What are the absorbed forms of different kinds of food materials?
Answer
  • Absorption occurs in the jejunum and ileum of small intestine.
  • Carbohydrates are absorbed as glucose, fructose and galactose, proteins as amino acids, and lipids as fatty acids and glycerol.
  • Mineral ions such as $Na ^{+}, K ^{+}, Ca , Mg ^{++}, Cl ^{-}$, etc. are also absorbed in this region.
  • Water is absorbed by osmosis.
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Question 122 Marks
Bile juice contains no digestive enzymes. Yet, it is essential for digestion. Why?OR
Bile juice has no digestive enzymes, yet, it is important for digestion. Give reason.
Answer
Bile juice has no digestive enzymes, yet, it performs the following functions to facilitate digestion of fats in the food:
  1. Bile emulsifies fats and increases the surface area for action of lipases.
  2. Bile activates lipases, the enzymes which digest fats.
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Question 132 Marks
How is the nucleic acid fraction of our food digested?
Answer
  • Nucleases present in the pancreatic juice convert the nucleic acids into nucleotides.
  • Nucleotidases present in the intestinal juice convert the nucleotides into nucleosides and phosphates.
  • Nucleosidases present in the intestinal juice convert the nucleosides into nitrogen bases and sugars.
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Question 142 Marks
Why is it so, that food does not pass through the digestive system by 'gravity', but still we are able to digest food even when we are lying down? Explain how food passes through our digestive system?
Answer
The lining of the oesophagus, stomach and intestine is muscular, these help in pushing food through it easily by its own by peristalsis movements. These movements of muscles help the food to pass through along the whole alimentary canal.
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Question 152 Marks
How does the nervous system control the activities of gastro-intestinal tract?
Answer
The sight, smell and/ or presence of food in the oral cavity can stimulate the secretion of saliva. Gastric and intestinal secretions are also stimulated by similar neural signals. Muscular activities of alimentary canal is coordinated by both local and CNS neural mechanisms. Hormonal control of secretion of digestive enzymes is carried out by local hormones.
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Question 162 Marks
  1. The diagram below shows part of the human digestive system. Label the parts marked as A, B, C and D.
  2. Which part secretes the acidic digestive juice containing protease?
Answer
  1. Gall bladder.
  2. Stomach.
  3. Pancreas.
  4. Deuodenum.
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Question 172 Marks
What is the role of tongue in digestion?
Answer
Tongue helps in mixing the food properly with salivary enzymes. Moreover, tongue has tastebuds which give the sense of different tastes. Eating is a complex process which needs involvement of olfactory and visual senses as well. Alongwith tongue all these senses help in picking the right food.
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Question 182 Marks
Lalit, student of class XI always likes to have junk food. His mother insists him to have fibre rich fruits and vegetables, because they are good for health. Lalit always ignored his mother's advise. One day, while his biology teacher was teaching about the digestive system and mechanism of digestion. She also explained about the food one should eat (Le., balanced diet) Lalit remembered his mother's advice and asked his teacher about the importance of fibre rich food in one's diet.
  1. According to you, what is the advantage of having fibrous material in our food?
  2. Name the term used to describe fibrous materials which is indigestible in nature.
  3. Name any four fibre rich fruits.
  4. What values are reflected through Lalit's character?
Answer
  1. Fibrous food material expands the gut and softens the stool volume (faecal matter), stimulates peristalsis and also prevents constipation.
  2. Indigestible fibrous food material is known as roughage.
  3. Raspberries, avocado, apple, peach and green leafy vegetables are good sources of the fibre.
  4. Lalit, is a good and obedient student, patient listener and a good learner.
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Question 192 Marks
Describe the accessory digestive glands in human.
Answer
The accessory digestive glands include the salivary glands, the liver and the pancreas.
  1. Humans have three pairs of salivary glands, i.e., the parotids, subinandibulars and sublinguals. They secrete major amount (about 1L) of the saliva, each day. The parotids are the largest glands in the cheek region near the ears. The submandibular glands are located towards the posterior end of the lower jaw. Sublingual glands are the smallest, present at the anterior part of the floor of the mouth.
  2. The liver is the largest gland in the body. It weighs about 1.5 kg. It lies immediately under the diaphragm. The gall bladder is a small and elongated muscular sac situated below the liver.
  3. The pancreas is an elongated gland, that is situated near the junction of the stomach and the duodenum. Both the liver and pancreas act as glands whereas, the gall bladder acts as a storing organ.
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Question 202 Marks
What do you mean by digestive waste and how is it removed from the body?
Answer
After digestion and absorption of food is over, the residue left makes the digestive waste. The digestive wastes, solidified into coherent faeces in the rectum initiate a neural reflex causing an urge or desire for its removal. The egestion of faeces to the outside through the anal opening (defaecation) is a voluntary process and is carried out by a mass peristaltic movement.
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Question 212 Marks
Water is not a nutrient but is very important for digestion. If a person does not drink enough water, it can lead to which of these problems? Explain the possible problems which can arise because of the situation as per your answer.
  1. There will be less secretion of digestive enzymes.
  2. The person may suffer from poor bowel movement; leading to constipation.
Answer
  1. The person may suffer from poor bowel movement; leading to constipation. Constipation is a condition in which the patient does not passes stool at regular intervals. It can lead to accumulation of waste products in the large intestine. As we know; removal of waste products is necessary for the body because such substances can prove very harmful for the body. Moreover, constipation can also lead to overall discomfort in the body. The person may lose his appetite. Too much strain during passing the stool can put extra workload on the heart. Constipation can also result in aggravation of piles. One should drink lot of water and take lot of fibre in food to avoid constipation.
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Question 222 Marks
How would it affect the digestion of fats and carbohydrates, if there is a blockade in the pancreatic duct? Explain.
Answer
  • The pancreatic juice contains amylase, for digestion of starch and lipases for digestion of fats.
  • Since these enzymes cannot reach the duodenum, the digestion of these nutrients, will be impaired.
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Question 232 Marks
What are the causes of marasmus?
Answer
Causes of marasmus: Simultaneous deficiency of proteins and calories can lead to marasmus. In infants less than a year in age, if mother's milk is replaced too early by other foods which are poor in both proteins and calorific value; marasmus can be prevalent. This can happen if the mother has second pregnancy or childbirth when the older infant is still too young.
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Question 242 Marks
`Digestion of starch starts in the buccal cavity, but stops in the stomach'. Comment.
Answer
Starch is not digested in the stomach, because the enzyme ptyalin (salivary amylase) that is used in its digestion cannot survive in the acidic (low) pH of the stomach due to the presence of HCI.
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Question 252 Marks
Give the scientific terms for the following:
  1. A protein found in milk that forms curd, it tends to be difficult for infants to digest.
  2. A lymphatic vessel in an intestinal villi, it aids in the absorption of fats.
  3. Sphere formed by bile salts that surround lipids to make them temporarily water soluble.
  4. Fine microscopic, finger-like projections lining the small intestine that serves to increase, the absorptive surface area.
Answer
  1. Caesin.
  2. Lacteal.
  3. Micelle.
  4. Villi.
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Question 262 Marks
Give a comparison of small intestine and large intestine.
Answer
Difference between small and large intestine:
S.No.
Small intestine
Large intestine
1.
Longer in length.
Shorter in length.
2.
Major part of digestion take place here.
No digestion happens.
3.
Absorption of food substances taken place.
Absorption of some water takes place.
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Question 272 Marks
Name the part of the alimentary canal where major absorption of digested food takes place. What are the absorbed forms of different kinds of food materials?
Answer
Major absorption of digested food takes place in the small intestine. This happens in jejunum and ileum which are parts of small intestine and lined by finger like projections called villi. Carbohydrate is absorbed in the form of glucose. Proteins are absorbed in the form of amino acids. Fats are absorbed in the form of fatty acids and glycerol.
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Question 282 Marks
Explain how digestion takes place in mouth?
Answer
Digestion Process in Mouth: The buccal cavity performs two major functions, mastication of food and facilitation of swallowing. The teeth and the tongue with the help of saliva masticate and mix up the food thoroughly. Mucus in saliva helps in lubricating and adhering the masticated food particles into a bolus.
Action of Saliva: The saliva secreted into the oral cavity contains electrolytes $\left( Na ^{+}, K ^{+}, Cl ^{-}, HCO ^{-}\right)$ and enzymes, salivary amylase and lysozyme. The chemical process of digestion is initiated in the oral cavity by the hydrolytic action of the carbohydrate splitting enzyme, the salivary amylase. About 30 percent of starch is hydrolysed here by this enzyme (optimum pH 6.8) into a disaccharide maltose, Lysozyme present in saliva acts as an antibacterial agent that prevents infections.
$\text{Starch}\xrightarrow[\text{pH}6.8\ \ ]{\text{Salivary Amylase}\ \ }\text{Maltose}$
The bolus is then conveyed into the pharynx and then into the oesophagus by swallowing or deglutition. The bolus further passes down through the oesophagus by successive waves of muscular contractions called peristalsis. The gastro oesophageal sphincter controls the passage of food into the stomach.
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Question 292 Marks
Out of the parts labelled as A, B, C and D of alimentary canal in the diagram below. Where is the enzyme responsible for the first stage of protein digestion produced? Label all parts , i.e., A-D.
Answer

In the labelled part A (i.e., the stomach,) the enzyme responsible for first stage of protein digestion is produced. A-stomach, B-pancrease, C-small intestine, D-gall bladder.
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Question 302 Marks
Mention the causative factors for indigestion.
Answer
Various causative factors for indigestion are:
  1. Inadequate secretion of digestive enzymes and gastrointestinal hormones.
  2. Anxiety.
  3. Food poisoning.
  4. Overeating and spicy food.
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Question 312 Marks
Answer briefly:
  1. How does pepsinogen change into its active form?
  2. How does bile help in the digestion of fats?
Answer
  1. Inactive form of pepsinogen is activated by the action of HCl.
  2. Bile salts help in emulsification of lipids and activate the lipases.
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Question 322 Marks
Which part of the alimentary canal produce local digestive hormones? What would happen if these hormones are not produced?
Answer
The local digestive hormones are produced by gastric and intestinal mucosa e.g., secretin, cholesyctokinine, etc. The hormones stimulate the activity of enzymes. If these are not produced, the process of digestion will be hindered and digestive system will not work properly.
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Question 332 Marks
Kavita (student of class VIII) returned from the school and started counting her teeth. She felt surprised and counted her teeth two more times, but each time she count, she found her teeth to be 28 in number. Then, she started counting his younger brother (student of class I) teeth and found them to 20 in number. She rushed to his father who was a dentist and told him, that her teacher taught her that human beings have 32 teeths. But she has only 28 and his brother has 20. Her father explained that number of teeth are related to the age of a child and also told her about diphyodont and heterodont dentition.
  1. How is number of teeth related to the age of a child?
  2. At what age, a person gets 32 teeth?
  3. What do you understand by heterodont and diphyodont?
  4. What values are reflected from Kavita's behaviour?
Answer
  1. Number of teeth are related to the age, as milk teeth are 20 in number, that shed around the age of 6-8 years, and are replaced by permanent teeth which become 28 in number till a child grows into an adult.
  2. After reaching adulthood, the wisdom teeth appear (two on each jaws, one on right side and one on left side), making the number of teeth to be 32.
  3. Heterodont means that the different types of teeth present in human beings, i.e., incisors, canines, premolars and molars. Diphyodont means development of two sets of teeth during lifetime, i.e., milk teeth (20 in number), permanent teeth (32 in number).
  4. Kavita is curious to know about the things at an early age has capability of applying knowledge practically. She is sincere and has interest in scientific phenomenon.
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Question 342 Marks
It is absolutely not necessary to produce amylase in an inactive form in our body, but it is not so, in the case of trypsin. Give reason.
Answer
Amylase acts on starch which is not a constituent of any tissue lining the gut, so, there is no need for it to be secreted in an inactive form. Whereas, the trypsin is a protease that can hydrolyse the cellular and intercellular proteins of the gut wall in the absence of food. So, it has to be secreted in an inactive form.
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Question 352 Marks
What is Kwashiorkar? Mention any four symptoms characteristic of it.
Answer
  • Kwashiorkar is a form of protein-energy malnutrition (PEM), that arises due to dietary deficiency of proteins in children below the age of five.
  • Its symptoms include:
  1. Extensive oedema and swelling of body parts.
  2. Wasting of muscles.
  3. Thinning of limbs.
  4. Failure of growth and brain development.
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Question 362 Marks
Fill in the blanks a to f in the different columns of the table given below.
Enzyme Site of Action Substrate Product of Action
Salivary amylase Mouth and stomach a Maltose
b Stomach Protiens Proteoss and peptones
Trypsin c Proteins Peptones and proteoses Dipeptides
Lipase Small intestine Fats d
e Small intestine Nucleic acid Nucleotides and Nucleosides
Lactase Small intestine f Glucose and Galactose
Answer
  1. Starch.
  2. Pepsin.
  3. Duodenum.
  4. Fatty acids + Glycerol.
  5. Nucleases.
  6. Lactose.
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Question 372 Marks
List the organs of human alimentary canal and name the major digestive glands with their location.
Answer
Organs of human alimentary canal are mouth, oesophagus, stomach, small intestine and large intestine and anus. The major digestive glands and their location are as follows.
S.No.
Digestive Gland
Location
1.
Salivary glands
Mouth cavity
2.
Liver
In abdominal cavity, just below the diaphragm.
3.
Pancreas
Between the limbs of U-shaped duodenum.
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Question 382 Marks
How do chylomicrons differ from micelles with regard to their structural components?
Answer
Differences between chylomicrons and micelles are:
Chylomicrons
Micelles
Protein coated water soluble tat droplets of about 150mm released into the lymph.
It is formed by combination of fatty acids, monoacylglycerols and the bile salts.
In this form fats/ lipids are put into circulation.
In this form, digested fats are absorbed in intestinal cells in alimentary canal.
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Question 392 Marks
How do chylomicrons differ from micelles?
Answer
S.No.
Micelles
Chylomicrons
1.
The products of fat digestion are incorporated into small, spherical, watersoluble molecules called micelles with the help of bile salts and phospholipids.
The products of fat digestion are used for synthesising new fats, which are released by the intestinal cells into the lymph, in the form of droplets, called chylomicrons.
2.
This is the form in which digested fats are absorbed into the intestinal cells.
This is the form in which the synthesised fats are liberated from the intestinal cells.
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Question 402 Marks
Explain the process of digestion in the buccal cavity.
Answer
The buccal cavity performs the following major functions.
  1. The teeth and the tongue with the help of saliva masticate and mix up the food thoroughly.
  2. Mucus in saliva helps in lubricating and adhering the masticated food particles into bolus.
  3. The bolus is then passed into the pharynx and then into oesophagus for further digestion.
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Question 412 Marks
What is digestive waste and how is it removed from the body?
Answer
After digestion and absorption of food is over the residue left makes the digestive waste. The digestive wastes, solidified into coherent faces in the rectum initiate a neural reflex causing an urge or desire for its removal. The egestion of faces to the outside through the anal opening (defaecation) is a voluntary process and is carried out by a mass peristaltic movement.
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Question 422 Marks
State the role of pancreas in human body. Also mention, what will happen to a person, if the pancreas does not work properly?
Answer
Pancreas contributes in following functions in the body:
  1. It contributes to the digestion of different components of food.
  2. The absorption of food breaken down products from the digestive tract start taking place here.
  3. The metabolism of blood sugar is regulated.
Hence, if any malfunctioning happens to pancreas, it fails to perform these functions properly.
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Question 432 Marks
  1. What is constipation?
  2. What is defaecation?
Answer
  1. Any irregularity in bowel movement leads to a condition when person is not able to defecate. Faeces remain inside the digestive septem. It is called constipation.
  2. Elimination of excreta out of rectum is called defaecation.
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Question 442 Marks
Explain the phenomenon of absorption of water in the body of an organism.
Answer
Absorption of water in the small intestine occurs by osmosis. The water passes the lumen of the small intestine through epithelial cells and then to blood capillaries in the villi. Water absorption in general is accompanied with the absorption of electrolytes and digested food in order to maintain an osmotic balance with the blood.
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Question 452 Marks
What is the function of large intestine?
Answer
Functions of large intestine:
  1. Absorption of some water, minerals and certain drugs.
  2. Secretion of mucus. Mucus helps in adhering the waste particles together and lubricates it for easy passage.
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Question 462 Marks
HCl is a strong acid. Yet it does not corrode the walls of the stomach. Why?
Answer
The HCl produced in the stomach is not as strong as used for industrial purposes. However, acidic behaviour of HCl does not corrode the stomach walls, because the gastric epithelium of stomach is secretory in nature, i.e., it produces mucus, which covers the stomach wall preventing it from corrosive action of gastric juice.
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Question 472 Marks
Give the name of the watery fluid secreted from Brunner's gland in the duodenum. Mention its any two characteristics. What role does it play inside the duodenum?
Answer
The Brunner's gland secretes mucoid fluid. It has the following characteristics:
  1. It is viscous and enzyme-free.
  2. It is alkaline in nature and enables duodenum to withstand the acid chyme.
  3. It also protects its wall from getting digested.
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Question 482 Marks
It is absolutely not necessary to produce amylase in an inactive form in our body, but it is not so in the case of trypsin. Give reason.
Answer
  • Amylase acts on starch which is not a constituent of any tissue that lines the gut, so there is no need de for it to be secreted in an inactive form.
  • Trypsin is a protease that can hydrolyse the cellular and intercellular proteins of the gut wall in the absence of food; so it has to be secreted in an inactive form.
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Question 492 Marks
How is the intestinal mucosa protected from the acidic food passing from stomach?
Answer
The mucosa is secreted by the goblet cells. It also mixes with the bicarbonates from the pancreas. These protect the intestinal mucosa from acid food. It also provides an alkaline medium (pH-7.8) for pancreatic enzyme activities. Submucosal glands (Brunner's glands) also help in this action.
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Question 502 Marks
Mention the modification or structural features of ileum, which make it suitable for absorption of nutrients.
Answer
The mucosa is folded into finger-like projections called villi. The cells lining the villi bear microvilli giving it a brush-bordered appearance. These two features increase the surface area of intestine for absorption. The villi are richly supplied with a network of blood capillaries and a large lymph vessel, lacteal, for easy absorption of nutrients.
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