Social Science [3 Mark Questions]

The 2005 Act rectifies various gender inequalities persisting on several fronts such as agricultural land, Mitakshara joint family property, parental dwelling house, and certain widow's rights. In the new law sons, daughters and their mothers can get equal share in the land. This law benefitted a large number of women in achieving their property rights.

1. Tehsil.
2. Taluka.
3. Pargana.

There are a numerous problems been faced by the working of the rural Police Stations like:Lack of proper infrastructure, absence of essential minimum needs and facilities for the staff, lack of proper equipment, insufficient residential accommodation of the staff, absence of quicker modes of transportation and communication and lesser salaries.

No, this is not a fair situation. There should be a ceiling of land. It will help everyone to have some land where one can earn one’s livelihood. Opportunity should be equal for all. Primary education should be made compulsory. Efforts should be made to promote education among the poor. It will help them know their rights and other awareness.

Till recently, women in some states did not have any share in the family's agricultural land. After the death of the father, the property was inherited equally only by his sons. However, after the amendment in the Hindu Succession Act in 2005, daughter/s and the mother have a right to inherit an equal share in the land along with the sons. Thus, if a woman has any problems, she can always use her share instead of being dependent on her brother/s or son/s. In this way, the law benefits a large number of women.

There are several reasons for which land records are compulsory. Suppose a farmer wants to buy a plot or field, then he needs to authenticate it, this can be done thought the land records. If a farmer wants a loan from the bank to dig a well in his land, he had to show the land records to proof that the land belongs to him. Moreover, these records are also essential for buying and selling of their properties. Last but not the least, if the farmer wants to divide his property among his children, then the land records are essential.

A Patwari also called Lekhpal or Kanungo or Karamchari is a person who deals with the main work of measuring land and maintaining the land records belonging to different villages. Each Patwari maintains and updates the records of the village. The village Patwari is also responsible for the collection of land revenue from the village. He even has to keep a record of crops grown in that area. Keeping a track of changes done by farmers in their fields from time to time is also done by the Patwari.

The work undertaken by the Tehsildar is:

• Hearing disputes.
• Supervising the work of the Patwaris and ensuring that land records are properly kept and land revenue is collected.
• Making sure that farmers can easily obtain a copy of their records.
• Helping students in obtaining the caste certificate.

The following are some of the responsiblities of police:

1. Maintaining the dignity of the individual by safeguarding his/her fundamental rights.
2. Implement the law impartially.
3. Investigating crimes and the arrest offenders.
4. Maintaining a feeling of security in the community.
5. Protection of weaker sections of the society.
6. Helping in natural calamities, emergencies and disasters as the first responders.
7. Retaining the effective working relations with every sub system of criminal justice system.

One has to register the FIR (First Information Report) in the police station that comes under their area. Every police station has an area that comes under its control. People living in that area can report the police about any theft, accident, injury etc. It is the duty of the police of that station to enquire, to investigate and take action on the cases within its area.

The patwari maintains land records maintained for all villages within a tehsil. The tehsildar checks these records and attests them. All changes in the jamabandi come into the notice of revenue department headed by the District Collector also called the District Magistrate or the Deputy Commissioner. The patwari-tehsildar and naib tehsildar-district magistrate.

There are a numerous problems been faced by the working of the rural Police Stations like:
Lack of proper infrastructure, absence of essential minimum needs and facilities for the staff, lack of proper equipment, insufficient residential accommodation of the staff, absence of quicker modes of transportation and communication and lesser salaries.

Patwari is responsible for a group of villages.His major functions includes:

1. Maintaining and updating the records of the village.
2. The land maps and the corresponding details are kept by the Patwari.
3. Responsible for organizing the collection of land revenue.
4. Report the serious calamities affecting the land or the crops and the severe outbreaks of diseases amongst men and animals.
5. He must help the headman in revenue collection.
6. He keeps up a diary and a work book. The entries should be made on the day on which the events come to the notice of the patwari.

The poem raises the issue of inheritance of land by women. Yes, this issue is important as the women of a house have the same rights to the property as the men of the house. Denying women the right of inheriting family land is an act of discrimination. The Indian Constitution talks about 'justice' and 'equality' for each individual, so discriminating on the basis of gender would be unconstitutional.

The khasra record of the Patwari gives you information regarding the plot of land owned by the people. The Patwari is the kingpin in the land record system in the villages. On the Khasra map, one could see the exact shape and size of every field, every well and every large tree. Every field is numbered and the khasra records the name of the actual cultivator, the one who was in physical possession of the field.

All localities have a dedicated police station. Visit the police station in your locality and meet the S.H.O., who is basically in charge of the police station. Enquire about the special precautions they take at times of festivals or other large public gatherings. However, make sure that you have at hand a list of questions you need answers to so that you do not skip asking some important questions.

Tehsildar of a district is assigned to check the seasonal conditions of crops and listen to the difficulties of the cultivators. He also tour the areas affected by the natural calamities like flood, drought, earthquake etc. and provide relief to the people. On his return from village tour, he prepares reports and recommends it to the government regarding the relief fund to the affected people. He is assisted by a Naib Tehsildar in his work.

The following public services are required in the village :
1. The milk society
2. The fair price shop
3. The bank
4. The police station
5. Agricultural Society for seeds and fertilizer
6. Post office
7. Anganwadi
8. Government School
9. Government Hospital
10. Farmers’ Khasra-Khatuni Centre

Farmers are very important for each country. They produce grain which whole country eats. Farmers and their land are associated to each others. Their all activities are dependent on the land, whether they grow crops or rear cattle. Therefore, all their requirements are related to the lands. Some of them can be listed as below :

1. They require records of their lands
2. They require a handsome price of their produces
3. They require warehouses for storing the grains and other produces
4. They require fertilizers and seeds
5. They require milk dairy; etc.