Social Science Question(1 Marks)

Gunda Dhur led the Bastar Forest rebellion in 1910.

‘Santhals and Oraons’ from Jharkhand and ‘Gonds’ from Chhattisgarh were recruited to work on tea plantations.

In the colonial period elephants were frequently used to lift heavy timber both in the forests and at the timber yards.

It was used as portable water bottle.

Gunda Dhur from village Nethanar.

They were forcibly displaced from their homes in the forests. Some had to change occupations.

Elephants, hides, horns, silk cocoons, ivory, bamboo, spices, fibres, grasses, gums and resins, etc., were the products traded by Banjara communities.

Teak and Sal species were promoted for the building of ships or railways.

Destroying of Sawmills and burning huge piles of giant teak logs.

Java is famous for bumper rice production.

The Dutch from Belgium.

The colonial power the Dutch ruled over Java.

1. Reserved forests.
2. Protected forests.
3. Village forests.

Source of income is selling fire wood, rearing animals and selling animal products.

Fruit of the Mahua tree.

A number of different communities like Maria and Muria Gonds, Dhurwas, Bhatras and halbas, live in Bastar.

Dietrich Brandis was a German forest expert whom the colonial government invited for advice and made him the first Inspector General of Forests in India.

Reserved, Protected and Village Forests.

The Dutch started forest management in Java.

By the early nineteenth century, oak forests in England were disappearing. This created a problem of timber supply for the Royal Navy.

The Imperial Forest Research Institute.

Jute, sugar, wheat and cotton.

Unproductive forests were considered best by the colonial government.

1. To fulfil the demand of commercial crops.
2. To fulfil the demands of timber.

Kalangs of Java.

Work on reservation was temporarily suspended on the area to be reserved was reduced to roughly half of that planned before 1910.

It has been known from various sources that about approximately 400 tigers were killed by British administrator George Yule.

The Dutch enacted forest laws in Java, restricting villagers’ access to forests. Now wood could only be cut for specified purposes.

He was from Randublatung village of Java, who began questioning state ownership of the forests.

Cutting down of forests is referred to as deforestation.

Maria and Muria Gonds, Dhurwas, Bhatras and Halbas.

From the 1860s, the railway network expanded rapidly. As the railway tracks spread through India, a large number of trees were felled.

1. The colonial government proposed to reserve two-thirds of their forests in 1905.
2. It decided to stop shifting cultivation, hunting and collection of forest produce.

Java is a rice-producing island in Indonesia.

Jute, sugar, wheat and cotton were the commercial crops grown by the British in India to feed the growing population of Europe.

villagers also protected their forests by engaging watchmen and each household contributed some grain to pay them.

From the 1860s, the railway network expanded rapidly.

They cutted forests for plantation of commercial crops and also for expandation of railway.

He set up the Indian Forest Service in 1864 and helped formulate the Indian Forest Act in 1865.

The European foresters felt that land, which was used for cultivation, every few years could not grow trees for railway timber.

Devsari or dand is a small fee paid by the people from the village to take some wood from the forests of another villages.

The Saminist Movement was an Indonesian social movement founded by Surontiko Samin in North-central Java, Indonesia in the late 19th and early 20th century.

They were forced to work instead in factories, mines and plantations under British supervision.

Natural forests which had lots of different types of trees were cut down. In this place, one type of tree was planted in straight rows.

A German Forest Expert, Dietrich Brandis was the first Inspector General of Forests in India.

Baigas are found in central India.

Sleepers are wooden planks laid across railway tracks. They hold the tracks in position.

They think that each village was given its land by the earth, and in return, they look after the earth by making some offerings at each agricultural festival.

'The villagers' hardships increased. All their everyday practices-cutting wood for their houses, grazing their cattle, collecting fruits and roots, hunting and fishing-became illegal.

In shifting agriculture, a clearing is made in the forest, usually on the slopes of hills. After the trees have been cut, they are burnt to provide ashes. The seeds are then scattered in the area, and left to be irrigated by the rain. Once the soil loses its fertility, the farmers shift to another forest.