BIOLOGY M.C.Q (1 Marks)

4. Cork, cork cambium and secondary cortex.

1. Plumule.

1. Loading of sucrose into sieve elements.

1. Formation of callus.

4. At the tip of root and shoot

Explanation:

Meristem is the region of the plant where active cell division can be seen.

It is the part where cells are continuously dividing into different types of cells

In plants the growth is represented by the growth at the tips and the roots as there will be more number of meristems at the tips of roots and stems.

1. Periderm.

Explanation:

Periderm is a tissue of secondary origin that replaces damaged epidermis. It can be found in underground plant organs. In potato, a model for periderm studies, periderm replaces the epidermis early in tuber development and suberized phellems constitute tuber’s skin. Thus when we peel off a potato tuber we will remove periderm.

3. Sieve tube.

2. Tap root.

3. Epiderms.

Explanation:

EpidermisIt is usually a single layered structure, present all over the body surface of the plant. In case of root, it is called epiblema instead of epidermis. Whereas stele is collective term for vascular tissues in case of vascular plants (pteridophyte gymnosperms and angiosperms). Endodermis and Pericycle are the part of root or stem encircling vascular strands.

2. Starch grains

Explanation:

Endodermis cells are rich in starch grains.

3. Cell dedifferentiation.

Explanation:

The phenomenon of regeneration of permanent tissue to become meristematic is called dedifferentiation. Cork cambium, wound cambium and interfascicular vascular cambium are the examples of secondary meristems which are always produced through dedifferentiation.

1. Periderm.

1. These are parenchyma cells with thickened lignified walls.

4. Plumule

Explanation:

Stem develops from plumule.

1. Dracaena.

1. Apical bud

Explanation:

An apical bud is the primary growing bud located at the tip of the stem in a plant.

Apical buds make auxin that is distributed throughout the plant via the phloem.

Auxin prevents the growth of lateral buds.

This phenomenon is called apical dominance.

2. Most of angiosperms and few gymnosperms.

3. Mesophyll not differentiated into palisade and spongy tissues.

3. Cambium

Explanation:

Picture of closed conjoint vascular bundles.

2. Plerome.

1. Sclerenchyma

Explanation:

The chief mechanical tissue of the plant body composed of highly thick - walled cells with little or no protoplasm is called sclerenchyma.

These tissues have thick cell wall due to the deposition of cellulose or lignin or both.

Lignin deposited cells are said to be lignified.

2. Tagetes.

4. Corolla.

3. Radicle.

2. Vascular cambium.

3. Dicot herbs.

2. Pectin

Explanation:

The sclerenchyma tissue has rectangular - shaped cells.

These cells are without a nucleus and protoplasm.

They show greater deposition of lignin in the walls resulting in uneven thickness and are referred to as the dead cells. 

Cellulose and hemicellulose are also present in the sclerenchyma wall. Pectin is present in soft plant tissues and absent in sclerenchyma.

1. Parenchyma.

Explanation:

Parenchyma is a simple permanent tissue found in plants whereas; xylem and phloem are complex permanent tissues. Epidermis is a part of epidermal tissue system.

2. A(iii), B(i), C(ii), D(v), E(iv)

Explanation:

3. All tissues except epidermis and vascular bundles.

Explanation:

Ground tissue includes all tissues except epidermis and vascular bundles.

The ground tissue comprises the bulk of the primary plant body.

Parenchyma, collenchyma and sclerenchyma cells are common in the ground tissue.

So, the correct answer is 'All tissues except epidermis and vascular bundles.'

3. Are capable of producing secondary xylem and phloem.

4. Dicot stem.

Explanation:

Vascular bundles which contain both xylem and phloem are called conjoint vascular bundles. In gymnosperms and dicot stems vascular bundles contain xylem, phloem and a strip of vascular cambium (between phloem and xylem of each vascular buncjje) called intrafascicular (or fascicular) cambium. It produces secondary tissues. Such vascular bundles are described as open because the original or primary phloem and xylem separate on the production of secondary tissues by vascular cambium. Thus, conjoint and open vascular bundles will be observed in dicot stem.

1. Loading of sucrose into sieve elements.

4. Intercalary meristem.

1. Apical meristem

Explanation:

Apical meristem is found at the growing tips, that is root and shoot tips.

These are actively dividing cells and are thus responsible for the growth of plant length - wise.

Rapid division of meristematic cells can cause the plant to grow tall.

There are several hormones like auxin which stimulate the multiplication of meristematic cells.

3. Sclerenchyma

Explanation:

Sclerenchyma cells have thick lignified walls.

The lignified wall gives sclerenchyma cells their rigidity and helps in providing mechanical support.

Collenchyma and parenchyma cells do not have lignified walls.

3. Having dead and non-conducting elements.

1. Xylem parenchyma

Explanation:

Xylem is a complex permanent tissue specialized for transport of water and minerals.

The cells of xylem are dead at maturity and devoid of protoplasm except for xylem parenchyma cells, which are living cells.

4. Root meristem

1. Lateral

Explanation:

Secondary growth in dicot stem occurs by increase in lateral thickening which is also called as secondary thickening or secondary growth.

Vascular cambium initiates intrastelar secondary growth.

Hence, vascular cambium grows by division of lateral meristem.

2. Ground tissue

Explanation:

In the stem, the pith and the cortex make up the ground tissue.

The pith is located within the cylinder of vascular tissue, where it often exhibits a spongy texture because of the presence of large intercellular air spaces.

If the growth of the pith fails to keep up with that of the surrounding tissues, the pith may degenerate, producing a hollow stem.

In general, roots lack piths, although there are exceptions to this rule. 

In contrast, the cortex, which is located between the epidermis and the vascular cylinder, is present in both stems and roots. 

4. Monocot root and dicot stem.

1. Sieve cell.

4. Xylem being sandwitched between phloem.

2. Lateral roots.

1. Bulliform cells.

Explanation:

In grasses, adaxial epidermal cells along the veins modify themselves into large, empty, colourless cells. These are called bulliform cells. When there is water stress leaves curl themselves inward to minimise water loss. When the cells have absorbed water and are turgid, the leaf surface is exposed.

2. Lignified

1. Tonoplast.

1. It is retained in the centre of the axis.

Explanation:

The cambial ring becomes active and begins to cut off new cells, both towards the inner and outer sides. The cells cut off ‘towards pith, mature into secondary xylem and the cells cut off towards periphery mature into secondary phloem. The primary and secondary phloem’s get gradually crushed due to the continued formation and accumulation of secondary xylem. The primary xylem however remains more or less intact, in or around the centre.

1. Pectin deposits at corners.

3. Ring porous wood carries more water when need is higher.

1. Submerged hydrophytes.

2. Endodermis

3. Phellogen.

2. Vessel wall.

1. Parenchyma

Explanation:

Pith is a central part of the ground tissue generally made up of parenchyma.

It is present in the central portion of the stem.

The cells which comprise the pith are rounded in shape.

They have large intercellular spaces. 

The cells of pith present between the vascular bundles constitute the pith rays, also called medullary rays.

These parenchymatous cells are radially arranged in between the bundles and give the appearance of rays.

The pith rays help in the radial conduction of food.

3. Vessels

Explanation:

Vessel elements differ from tracheids in that the end walls are modified into perforation plates, an area or areas in which there is no shared wall material or membrane.

Vessel elements are found in the late metaxylem (the final, or most developed, form of the primary xylem). 

1. Tracheids.

2. Pericycle. 

3. Apical meristem.

1. Gymnosperm

Explanation:

The xylem components in gymnosperms are xylem fibers, xylem parenchyma, and tracheids.

Tracheids are the conducting components in gymnosperms. 

Vessels elements (a component of the xylem) are present in angiosperms which include monocots and dicots.

1. Dicot root

Explanation:

In dicotyledonous roots Xylem plates usually join at the centre forming a solid core.

Hence the stele is regarded as a protostele.

Xylem is always exarch, due to centripetal mode of diff­erentiation from the procambium, so protoxylem occurs towards circumference and metaxylem towards the center. 

1. Red and green. 

Explanation:

The xylem is coloured red with safrinin and phloem green with fast green, where as other colors are not given by safranin and fast green.

4. Lesser number of xylary elements.

Explanation:

Spring season produces a wood which has large number of xylary elements having vessels with wider cavities.

1. A-(iii), B-(iv), C-(i), D-(ii)

Explanation:

1. Cabbage

Explanation:

Cabbage, cauliflower, broccoli, brussels are members of the genus Brassica.

These are commonly used for food.

The head of cabbage is the largest terminal (apical) bud which occurs at the end of a stem.

1. Endodermis of roots facilitating rapid transport of water from cortex to pericycle.

1. Axillary buds

Explanation:

Tendrils are thin, long, thread shaped organs that wind tightly around a thin rod, a shoot or the stalk of another plant.

The tendrils of different plant groups are not homologous.

They can be modified shoots (Vitis), specialized leaves (Pisum), leaflets (Vicia, Lathyrus), leaf stalks (Clematis) or parts of roots that originate directly from the shoot (Vanilla).

In the case of Vitis vinifera and Bryonia dioica, the tendrils are lateral shoots usually opposite to a leaf. In Passiflora, the tendrils are modified axillary bud.

So, the correct option is 'Axillary bud'

1. On inner side.

1. In all the roots.

1. Lignified

Explanation:

Sclerenchyma cells are characterized by relatively thick, lignified secondary cell walls.

The lignified wall gives sclerenchyma cells their rigidity and helps in providing mechanical support.

3. Having light cytoplasm and small nuclei.

1. Sapwood.

2. Monocot root.

1. Root tip and shoot tip.

Explanation:

Root tip and shoot tip have meristematic cells and hence epidermis is absent. Epidermis has differentiated cells which is not the case in case of meristem.

2. Vegetative Propagation.

3. Both increase.

3. Leaf.

2. Position of protoxylem.

4. Trochodendron.

Explanation:

Trochodendron lacks vessel elements which is quite unusual for flowering plants. Only one living species of trochodendron is known to exist.

1. Reserve for replenishment of damaged cells of the meristem.

3. Collenchyma

Explanation:

Collenchyma occurs only in dicots. Collenchyma is living mechanical tissue having cellulosic cell wall. Collenchyma is found climbing stems like. In Cucurbita lacunate or angular collenchyma is present.

4. Spore capsule of a moss.

2. Differentiation of procambium followed by the development of xylem and phloem.

3. Vascular cambium.

Explanation:

Stem increase in girth due to the activity of vascular cambium. In this process, the outer cortical and epidermis layers gets broken. This layer is replaced with new protective cell layer.

2. Phloem

Explanation:

The bark is the outer covering of the stems and the roots of woody plants, especially of trees. 

All tissues present outer to the vascular cambium together to form bark.

It includes a dead tissue cork or phellem, meristematic tissue cork cambium or phellogen, parenchyma in secondary cortex or phelloderm, complex tissue secondary phloem. 

Thus, when the bark is cut from the stem the phloem vascular tissue is removed.

1. Haberlandt

Explanation:

Primary growth initiated by apical meristems near tips of roots and shoots produce primary tissues that are partially differentiated into ground meristem that produce ground tissue protoderm that produce epidermis and procambium that produce primary vascular tissue.

This theory was given by Haberlandt.

1. Planes of cell division.

2. Apical meristem

Explanation:

Apical meristems are found at the tip of stems and roots.

During the cell division, this meristem helps in cellular enlargement and also influences the shapes of the mature plants.

Lateral meristems are found along the sides of roots and stems.

They play a vital role in increasing the width or diameter of stems and roots.

Intercallary meristems are found at the bases of young leaves and internodes.

They are mainly responsible for further lengthening of stems and leaves.

3. Vascular cambium

Explanation:

Xylem and phloem are permanent vascular tissues while pith serves in storage and transport of nutrients.

The vascular cambium (lateral meristem) has thin walled highly vacuolated cells of two types, the fusiform initials and the ray initials.

The fusiform initials are the elongated cells that give rise to secondary xylem and secondary phloem which in turn increase the girth of plants.

2. Providing nutrition during germination.

2. Root endodermis s ion.

1. Chloroplasts.

2. Lateral meristem.

3. Cambium

2. Tracheae

Explanation:

The xylem parenchyma among the dead tracheids and tracheary elements provides access for the lateral movement of water from vertical xylem elements towards cortical cells.

Xylem elements in the upper parts of pants is coated with a thin layer of cell sap.

So the trachea and tracheids with their large lumen and end to end association act as excellent pipelines for the movement of water, minerals and some organic compounds as well. 

1. Nerium.

1. Phellogen.

4. Shoot tips and root tips.

4. Tracheids.

3. Most angiosperms, a few gymnosperms and pteridophytes.

Explanation:

A vessel element or vessel member (trachea) is one of the cell types found in xylem, the water conducting tissue of plants.

Vessel elements (tracheae) are typically found in flowering plants (angiosperms) and pteridophytes but absent from most gymnosperms such as conifers. 

So, the correct answer is 'Most angiosperms, a few gymnosperms and pteridophytes.'

3. Sieve areas.

4. Hadrom

Explanation:

The xylem tracheary elements consist of cells known as tracheids and vessel members, both of which are typically narrow, hollow, and elongated.

Tracheids and vessels are, collectively known as water conducting elements or "Hadrom".

Hadrom term was proposed by Haber landt. 

1. Root tip and shoot tip.

2. Teak and pine.

3. Both A and B

Explanation:

Meristematic tissues are dividing tissues which are found in the plants which are responsible for growth of plants.

Both roots and shoots have meristematic tissue at their tips called as apical meristems that are responsible for the lengthening of roots and shoots.

3. Lateral meristems.

1. Exarch.

1. Tracheids are unicellular with wide lumen.

2. Tracheary elements.

2. Absence of cambium

Explanation:

A closed vascular bundle means the absence of a cambium.

They do not show secondary growth.

The closed vascular bundles are generally found in monocotyledons.

2. Secondary xylem.

Explanation:

Elongated cells of sclerenchyma are called fibres. Sclerenchyma is absent in Secondary xylem and option 'b' is correct.

1. Cambium

Explanation:

Secondary growth refers to the growth that results from cell division in the cambium or lateral meristems and that causes the stems and roots to thicken, while primary growth is growth that occurs as a result of cell division at the tips of stems and roots, causing them to elongate and gives rise to primary tissue.

Secondary growth occurs in most seed plants, but monocots usually lack secondary growth. 

Explanation:

Various types of vascular bundles :(a) radial (b) conjoint closed (c) conjoint open.

3. Calyx, Corolla, Androecium, Gynoecium.

1. They are dead but gives mechanical support to stem.

Explanation:

Heartwood is dead and have non-conducting elements.

1. Banana.

1. Epiblema.

3. Ginger.

4. Primary vascular bundles and vascular cambium.

1. Organic food moves upwardly and downwardly through phloem.

1. Cambium

Explanation:

Cambium is the layer of actively dividing cells between xylem and phloem tissues that is responsible for the secondary growth of stems and roots.

The cambium produces new layers of phloem on the outside and of xylem on the inside, thus increasing the diameter of the stem.

In woody plants, this process produces wood and shapes the plant into a tree with a thickened trunk.

Apical and intercalary meristems involve in elongation of plants.

Epidermis is the outermost layer of plants which does not cause thickening of the trunk. 

3. Maturing.

4. Both (a) and (b)

2. Endodermis.

4. Translocate water, minerals and provide mechanical strength.

Explanation:

Vessel members in xylem are the principal water - conducting cells in angiosperms and are characterized by areas that lack both primary and secondary cell walls, known as perforations. Water flows relatively unimpeded from vessel to vessel through these perforations, though fractures and disruptions from air bubbles are also more likely.

In addition to the tracheary elements, xylem tissue also features fiber cells for support.

4. Mesophyll is not differentiated into palisade and spongy parenchyma.

3. In that they consist of vertical row of cells with cross walls dissolved.

1. Vascular cambium.

3. Palisade parenchyma.

2. Similar cells having common origin and functions.

Explanation:

Generally, some group of cells have same function and structure and also are derived from same origin.

These group of cells are called tissue. 

2. Atactostele

Explanation:

In a plant the xylem and phloem together make up the vascular bundles.

In a monocot, these vascular bundles do not possess a cambium and do not form secondary tissues and are said to be closed.

In conjoint vascular bundle we have the xylem and phloem on the same radius of the vascular bundles, which we can find in stems and leaves.

The arrangement of vascular tissue with vascular bundles scattered, conjoint, collateral and closed is called an atactostele. 

3. Periderm.

2. Hydrophytes.

3. 5

Explanation:

The shoot apical meristems are present at the tips of the stem, and its branches. They produce growth in length. As the twig possesses 4 branches, number of shoot apical meristems is likely to be 5 including one of the twigs itself.

1. Intercalary meristem.

2. Secondary xylem and secondary phloem.

1. Collenchyma.

Explanation:

Walls of collenchyma are thick, often the thickening is unevenly distributed. They contain in addition to cellulose (20%), large amounts of pectin (45%) and hemicellulose (35%) but no lignin. They are never lignified.

3. Just inside the vascular cambium.

2. Tracheary elements.

4. Sclerenchyma

Explanation:

Sclerenchyma is the tissue that makes the plant hard and stiff.

It is the supporting tissue in plants and is composed of dead cells with highly thickened cell walls (due to extensive deposition of lignin).

Two types of sclerenchyma cells exist: - fibres and sclereids.

Sclerenchyma fibres are of great economic importance since they constitute the source material for many fabrics (e.g. flax, hemp, jute, etc).

3. Just inside the vascular phloem.

1. Submerged hydrophytes.

3. Pine.

Explanation:

Pine It is a gymnosperm. The plants belonging to this group do not have vessels instead, they have trachieds. Whereas teak, mango and palm are angiospermic trees. Angiospermic xylem contains vessels, tracheas, parenchyma and fibers.

2. Cork cambium

Explanation:

The cork cambium is the lateral meristem which causes secondary growth and replaces the epidermis of the roots and stems upon maturation.

Vascular cambium gives rise to new vascular tissue in plants.

The vascular tissues are tubes that transport water and nutrients up and down the plant. 

1. Increase of sugar in phloem.

4. At first by apical meristem and later largely by marginal meristem.

4. Phellogen.

4. Sieve tubes.

1. Monocot stem.

3. Enucleate condition.

3. Sieve tubes.

3. Quercus/ Oak.

4. Protoderm.

Explanation:

Protoderm cell always divides by anticlinal cell division.

1. Root cap, cell division, cell enlargement, cell maturation.

1. Radial arrangement of xylem and phloem.

4. Dicot stem.

Explanation:

Each vascular bundle is conjoint, open and with endarch protoxylem in the stem of dicot plant.

1. Roots

Explanation:

Xylem development in the roots is from the outer regions in the inward direction and so known as centripetal.

The growth of xylem in shoots is centrifugal direction which means towards the outside.

Phloem development is in the centripetal direction in roots and shoots.

4. Intercalary meristem.

2. Cork cambium and cork.

Explanation:

Cortical Cells In the dicot stem the cortical cells gets differentiated to give rise to another meristematic tissue which is called cork cambium or phellogen. On the outerside it forms phellem (cork) and in the inner region it forms secondary cortical cells (phelloderm).

1. Cork cambium and cork.

1. Vessels are multicellular with narrow lumen.