Question 11 Mark
Fill in the blanks.
In an ecosystem dominated by trees, the pyramid (of numbers) is _________ type.
In an ecosystem dominated by trees, the pyramid (of numbers) is _________ type.
Answer
View full question & answer→Spindle.
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124 questions · self-marked practice — reveal the answer and mark yourself.
Question 21 Mark
Which one of the following has the largest population in a food chain?
- Producers.
- Primary consumers.
- Secondary consumers.
- Decomposers.
Answer
- Decomposers.
Explanation:
View full question & answer→ Explanation: Zooplankton are primary consumers in aquatic food chains that feed upon phytoplankton. Therefore, they are present at the second trophic level in a lake. Explanation: Out of total incident solar radiation, about fifty percent of it forms photosynthetically active radiation (PAR). The major reservoir of carbon on earth is ________. In aquatic ecosystems, the limiting factor for the productivity is _________. = (Gross – Primary Productivity) - (Respiratory Losses). OR ORQuestion 31 MarkSecondary producers are:
AnswerView full question & answer→
Question 41 MarkThe second trophic level in a lake is-
AnswerView full question & answer→
Question 51 MarkWhat is the percentage of photosynthetically active radiation (PAR), in the incident solar radiation.
AnswerView full question & answer→
Question 61 MarkFill in the blanks. AnswerView full question & answer→Oceans.Question 71 MarkFill in the blanks.
Common detritivores in our ecosystem are _________.AnswerView full question & answer→Earthworm, bacteria & fungi of decay and vulture.Question 81 MarkFill in the blanks. AnswerView full question & answer→Sunlight.Question 91 MarkFill in the blanks.
Plants are called as _________ because they fix carbon dioxide.AnswerView full question & answer→Autotrophs.Question 101 MarkState what does ‘standing crop’ of a trophic level represent?AnswerView full question & answer→There is unidirectional movement of energy the higher trophic level and its levels has a certain mass of living material at a particular time called as the standing crop. It represent values for dry blomass (standing crop).Question 111 MarkWrite a difference between net primary productivity and gross productivity.AnswerView full question & answer→Gross productivity-Rate of production of organic matter during photosynthesis Net primary productivity -Available biomass for the consumption to heterotrophs/GPP-R = NPP.Question 121 MarkHow is ‘stratification’ represented in a forest ecosystem?AnswerView full question & answer→Trees occupy vertical stratra, shrubs the second layer and herbs/grasses occupy the bottom layers/vertical distribution of species, at different levels.Question 131 MarkWhat does ecological niche of an organism represent?AnswerView full question & answer→The ecological niche (of an organism) signifies the range of conditions it can tolerate, the resources it utilises, and its functional role in the ecological system.Question 141 MarkWrite the equation that helps in deriving the net primary productivity of an ecosystem.AnswerView full question & answer→Net primary productivity (NPP) is an ecosystem can be derived using the following equation: NPP = GPP-R. Question 151 MarkWhy is the rate of assimilation of energy at the herbivore level called secondary productivity?AnswerView full question & answer→It is because the biomass available to the consumer for consumption is a resultant of the primary productivity from plants.Question 161 MarkName the two forms of reservoir of carbon, that regulate the ecosystem carbon cycle.AnswerView full question & answer→Atmosphere and oceans.Question 171 MarkWhat is meant by humification?AnswerView full question & answer→The process of formation of humus from detritus or organic matter is called humification.Question 181 MarkWhich are more numerous, secondary consumers or tertiary consumers?AnswerView full question & answer→Secondary consumers.Question 191 MarkIn which case, the pyramid of number is inverted?AnswerView full question & answer→In a tree ecosystem.Question 201 MarkHow is the net primary productivity of an ecosystem derived?AnswerView full question & answer→Gross primary productivity (GPP) – Respiratory loss (R) = Net primary productivity (NPP); it is the amount of energy/ biomass available in the producers for consumption by herbivores.Question 211 MarkWhat is the approximate value of net primary productivity of the biosphere?AnswerView full question & answer→170 billion tons of (dry weight) organic matter. Question 221 MarkList two factors that determine the vegetation and soil type of an ecosystem.AnswerView full question & answer→Two factors that determine the vegetation and soil type of an ecosystem are:
Question 231 MarkDefine mineralisation.AnswerView full question & answer→The process of degradation of humus by microbial action and release of inorganic nutrients.Question 241 MarkName the natural reservoir of phosphorus and the form in which it is present.AnswerView full question & answer→
Question 251 MarkName the basic requirement of any ecosystem to function and sustain.AnswerView full question & answer→Biotic and abiotic factors.Question 261 MarkExpand PAR.AnswerView full question & answer→Photosynthetically Active Radiation.Question 271 MarkWrite the name of four important functional aspects of ecosystem.AnswerView full question & answer→
Question 281 MarkName the two forms of reservoir of carbon, that regulate the ecosystem carbon cycle.AnswerView full question & answer→
Question 291 MarkGive any two examples of xerarch succession.AnswerView full question & answer→
Question 301 MarkWho put a price tag for the ecosystem services? What is its value?AnswerView full question & answer→
Question 311 MarkMention any two reasons why the primary productivity varies in different types of ecosystems?AnswerView full question & answer→The primary productivity varies in different types of ecosystems as:
Question 321 MarkList any two ways of measuring the standing crop of a trophic level.AnswerView full question & answer→Two ways of measuring the standing crop of a trophic level are:
Question 331 MarkIn the following table the ecological units are mentioned in the first column vertically and their attributes are mentioned horizontally. Match the ecological units and its attribute and put a tick in the blank with the table:
Attribute $\rightarrow$ Ecological Unit $\downarrow$ Age Flow of Energy Natality Predator prey relationship Individual organism Population Commupity Ecosystem AnswerView full question & answer→
Attribute $\rightarrow$ Ecological Unit $\downarrow$ Age Flow of Energy Natality Predator prey relationship Individual organism $\checkmark$ Population $\checkmark$ Commupity $\checkmark$ Ecosystem $\checkmark$ Question 341 MarkWrite a difference between net primary productivity and gross primary productivity. AnswerView full question & answer→A difference between c and gross primary productivity is:
S. No. gross primary productivity. net primary productivity 1. It is the rate of production of biomass/organic matter by producers during photosynthesis. It refers to the biomass/ organic matter available for the consumption to heterotrophs, left after some respiratory losses. Question 351 MarkHow much of carbon is:
AnswerView full question & answer→
Question 361 MarkExpand PAR.AnswerView full question & answer→Photosynthetic Active Radiation.Question 371 MarkDefine primary production.AnswerView full question & answer→It is defined as the amount of biomass or organic matter produced per unit area over a certain time period by plants during photosynthesis.Question 381 MarkAnswerView full question & answer→X and Z- Respiration and Y- Photosynthesis.Question 391 MarkWhat is meant by species composition in an ecosystem? AnswerView full question & answer→Species composition refers to all the plant, animal and microbial species present in a given ecosystem.Question 401 MarkHow much of productivity is contributed by oceans? AnswerView full question & answer→Oceans contribute about 55 billion tons organic matter.Question 411 MarkWhat is the basic requirement of any ecosystem to function and sustain?AnswerView full question & answer→Constant solar input.Question 421 MarkIs the common edible mushroom an autotroph or a heterotroph?AnswerView full question & answer→Heterotroph (as it does not have chlorophyll).Question 431 MarkArrange the following as you observe in vertical stratification of a forest-Grass, Shrubby plants, Teak, Amaranthus.AnswerView full question & answer→Grass, Amaranthus, Shrubby plants, Teak.Question 441 MarkHow is stratification represented in forest ecosystem?AnswerView full question & answer→Stratification is the way in which different species in an ecosystem are placed or arranged vertically, occupying different levels. It is a way of minimising competition for limited resources vital for survival.Question 451 MarkAnswer the following questions:
Over the years, it has been observed that some of the lakes are disappearing due to urbanisation. In absence of human interference, depict by making a flow chart, how do the successional series progress from hydric to mesic condition.AnswerView full question & answer→Phytoplankton - hydric → Submerged plant stage → Submerged free floating plant stage → Reed swamp stage → Marsh - meadow stage → Scrub stage → Forest stage - Mesic.Question 461 MarkHow much of carbon is dissolved in the oceans?AnswerView full question & answer→About 71%.Question 471 MarkHow much carbon is fixed in the biosphere through photosynthesis annually?AnswerView full question & answer→4 × 109kg.Question 481 MarkDefine trophic level.AnswerView full question & answer→Food web is formed by interconnecting food chains.Question 491 MarkAnswer the following questions:
Colonisation of a rocky terrain is a natural process. Mention the group of organisms which invade this area first. Give an example.AnswerView full question & answer→Pioneer species invade the area first.
For example, lichen.Question 501 MarkWhat is a sere?AnswerView full question & answer→The entire sequence of communities, that successively change in a given area resulting in a climax community, is called a sere.Question 511 MarkAmong bryophytes, lichens and fern which one is a pioneer species in a xeric succession?AnswerView full question & answer→Crustose lichens.Question 521 MarkMr. Galgotia eats curd/yoghurt. In this case, which trophic level will he occupy?AnswerView full question & answer→Tertiary consumer.Question 531 MarkName two omnivores that occupy positions in both grazing food chain as well as detritus food chain.AnswerView full question & answer→Cockroaches and crows.Question 541 MarkName the basic requirement of any ecosystem to function and sustain properly.AnswerView full question & answer→A constant input of solar energy is the ultimate source of all energy and requirement of any ecosystem to function and sustain properly.Question 551 MarkCite an example of an inverted ecological pyramid. What kind of pyramid of energy would it have?AnswerView full question & answer→The pyramid of biomass in sea is an inverted pyramid. It would have an upright pyramid of energy.Question 561 MarkJustify the pitcher plant as a producer.AnswerView full question & answer→Pitcher plant is chlorophyllous and is thus capable of photosynthesis and act as producer.Question 571 MarkWhat percentage of productivity is contributed by oceans?AnswerView full question & answer→Oceans contribute about 55 billion tonnes, which is about 32.5%.Question 581 MarkMark the odd one in the following group.
Fragmentation, Stratification, Leaching, Catabolism.AnswerView full question & answer→Stratification.Question 591 MarkName the dominant producers in a deep aquatic ecosystem. What other name could you give to a primary consumer?AnswerView full question & answer→Phytoplanktons are the dominant producers in aquatic ecosystem. Primary consumers are also known as herbivores.Question 601 MarkWhat is the starting point of a grazing food chain and detritus food chain, respectively?AnswerView full question & answer→The grazing food chain starts with producers while the detritus food chain starts with decomposers.Question 611 MarkName the two basic categories of an ecosystem.AnswerView full question & answer→Natural and artificial ecosystem.Question 621 MarkAll primary productivity is not available for herbivores. Give one reason.AnswerView full question & answer→Some of the gross primary productivity gets lost in the form of respiration, that is why all primary productivity is not available for herbivores.Question 631 MarkWhat is an ecosystem? AnswerView full question & answer→An ecosystem is a functional unit of nature, where biotic components (living organisms) interact among themselves and also with the abiotic environmental or physical factors.Question 641 MarkWhy the pyramid of energy is always upright?AnswerView full question & answer→Because when energy flows from a particular trophic level to the next trophic level, some energy is always lost as heat at each step.Question 651 MarkWhy is the pyramid of biomass inverted in a pond ecosystem?AnswerView full question & answer→The pyramid of biomass is inverted in a pond ecosystem because the biomass of fish (top consumer) is far larger than the producers (phytoplanktons).Question 661 MarkAnswer the following questions:
Identify the climax community of hydrarch and xerarch succession.AnswerView full question & answer→Forest is the climax community for both successions.Question 671 MarkDifferentiate between standing state and standing crop in an ecosystem.AnswerView full question & answer→Differences:
S.No. Standing State Strndirg Crop (i) Standing state refers to the amount of nutrients such as nitrogen, phosphorus, calcium, etc. present in the soil of an ecosystem at a given time. Standing crop refers to the amount of biomass or organic matter available at a given rophic level/ ecosystem at a given time. (ii) It is in the abiotic comPonents. It is in the biotic components. Question 681 MarkWhat is stratification in an ecosystem? Explain with an example.AnswerView full question & answer→The vertical distribution of different species occupying different levels in an ecosystem is called stratification. Trees occupy the topmost vertical layer of a forest, shrubs occupy the second layer and herbs and grasses occupy the bottom most or base layers.Question 691 MarkHow is primary productivity in an ecosystem determined?AnswerView full question & answer→Primary productivity is determined as the amount of biomass or organic matter produced per unit area over a time period by the plants during photosynthesis. Question 701 MarkWrite the equation that helps in deriving the net primary productivity of an ecosystem. AnswerView full question & answer→Net Primary Productivity (NPP) is the weight of the organic matter stored by the producers which is available to heterotrophs for consumption. It is equal to the rate of organic matter produced during photosynthesis GPP minus respiratory losses (R), i.e. NPP = GPP - RQuestion 711 MarkName the term used for rate of storage of organic matter not used by heterotrophs.AnswerView full question & answer→Net primary productivity.Question 721 MarkWhy is measurement of biomass in terms of dry weight more accurate than fresh weight?AnswerView full question & answer→Measurement of biomass in terms of dry weight is more accurate because it avoids variations in weights due to seasonal moisture differences.Question 731 MarkWhat are seres?AnswerView full question & answer→The entire sequence of communities that change in a given area.Question 741 MarkHow much of carbon is fixed in the biosphere through photosynthesis annually?AnswerView full question & answer→4 × 1013kg.Question 751 MarkStanding crop and biomass are related to each other, how?AnswerView full question & answer→The standing crop is measured as the mass of living organisms or the number in a unit area. The biomass of a species is expressed in terms of fresh or dry weight.Question 761 MarkWhy is a food web formed in nature?AnswerView full question & answer→Many organisms occupy positions in different food chains and several food chains become interconnected to form a food web.Question 771 Mark'Ecosystem is called an interactive system'. Name a functional aspect of ecosystem which justifies the above statement.AnswerView full question & answer→Energy exchange and flow of nutrient cyclingQuestion 781 MarkDefine climax community.AnswerView full question & answer→The community established at the terminal stage of succession, is called climax community.Question 791 MarkWhat is 'stratification' in an ecosystem? AnswerView full question & answer→'Stratification' in an ecosystem refers to the vertical distribution of different species occupying different levels.Question 801 MarkName the raw material for decomposition.AnswerView full question & answer→Detritus.Question 811 MarkDefine the term transducers.AnswerView full question & answer→Producers are also called transducers because they are able to change radiant or light energy into chemical form.Question 821 MarkMr. Galgotia eats curd/ yoghurt In this case, which trophic level will he occupy?AnswerView full question & answer→He occupies third tropic level, i.e. he is a secondary consumer.Question 831 MarkA Volcano erupted in Hawaii, and lava covered land that had been framed for centuries. Eventually, new lichens, and then plants, grew on the lava. Is this an example of primary or secondary successions? Give the reason also.AnswerView full question & answer→This is an example of primary succession: Because this begins from a state of little or no life.Question 841 MarkIn the North East region of lndia, during the process of jhum cultlvation, forests are cleared by burning and left for regrowth after a year of cultivation. How would you explain the regrowth of forest in ecological terms?AnswerView full question & answer→It is secondary succession.Question 851 MarkWhat is common to earthworm, mushroom, soil mites and dung beetle in an ecosystem.AnswerView full question & answer→They are all detritivores, i.e., decomposing organisms which feed on dead remains of plants and animals.Question 861 MarkWhat does the base tier of the ecological pyramid represent?AnswerView full question & answer→Producers.Question 871 MarkArrange the following as observed in vertical stratification of a forest: Grass, Shrubby plants, Teak, Amaranths.AnswerView full question & answer→Grass (floor of forest) → Amaranthus → Shrubby plants → Teak (tree).Question 881 MarkName the two forms of reservoirs of carbon that regulate the ecosystem carbon cycle.AnswerView full question & answer→Dissolved carbon in oceans and carbon in rocks, sediments and fossils are the two forms of carbon reservoirs.Question 891 MarkDefine food chain.AnswerView full question & answer→It is referred to the transfer of energy (food) from the producers through a series of consumers.Question 901 MarkWhere is the reservoir for gaseous type of biogeochemical cycle located?AnswerView full question & answer→It is in the atmosphere.Question 911 MarkIn terrestrial ecosystem DFC and GFC are interlinked at certain level. Justify the statement.AnswerView full question & answer→Some of the organisms of DFC are prey to the animal of GFC, hence they are interlinked.Question 921 MarkHow is net primary productivity different from gross primary productivity?AnswerView full question & answer→Net primary productivity refers to the biomass/ organic matter available at the producer level to the primary consumers, i.e. GPP-Respiratory losses. Gross primary productivity is the rate of production of biomass/ organic matter by producers during photosynthesis. Question 931 MarkAll the primary productivity is not available to a herbivore. Give one reason.AnswerView full question & answer→A considerable amount of gross primary productivity is used by the plants in respiration; so not all primary productivity is available for consumers.Question 941 MarkUnder what conditions would a particular stage in the process of succession revert back to an earlier stage?AnswerView full question & answer→Natural or human induced disturbances like fire, deforestation, etc.Question 951 MarkWhy are green algae not likely to be found in the deepest strata of the ocean?AnswerView full question & answer→Green algae are autotrophic organisms, i.e. they synthesise their own food with the help of photosynthesis. At deepest layers of ocean, light is absent. So, photosynthesis does not take place there and hence, green algae are not found in deep strataQuestion 961 MarkDefine ecological succession.AnswerView full question & answer→Ecological succession is a community controlled phenomenon, in which the structure and composition of communities change in an orderly and sequential manner, leading ultimately to the establishment of a climax community.Question 971 MarkName the four levels of group organization of living things in order of increasing size.AnswerView full question & answer→Population, community, ecosystem, biosphere.Question 981 MarkWhat is net primary productivity?AnswerView full question & answer→The amount of energy or biomass remaining in a producer after meeting the cost of its respiration is called the net primary productivity.Question 991 MarkMark the odd one in the following group.
Phytoplanktons, Zooplanktons, Reed-swamp stage, Lichens.AnswerView full question & answer→Lichens.Question 1001 MarkName an omnivore which occurs in both grazing food chain and the decomposer food chain.AnswerView full question & answer→Crow.Question 1011 MarkWhat is meant by productivity of an organism? How is it expressed in a terrestrial ecosystem?AnswerView full question & answer→The rate of synthesis of energy containing biomass by any trophic level per unit area in unit time is called its productivity.
It is expressed in terms of g-2 yr-1 or kcal m-2 yr-1.Question 1021 MarkDefine biomass.AnswerView full question & answer→It is the amount of living material or organic matter present in an organism, community or biome.Question 1031 MarkWhat does the base tier of ecological pyramid represent?AnswerView full question & answer→Producer or first trophic level.Question 1041 MarkMan can be a primary as well as secondary consumer'. Justify this statement.AnswerView full question & answer→Man can be a primary as well as secondary consumer because man eats plants as well as meat of other animals. So, man is herbivores as well as carnivores.Question 1051 MarkGPP - R = NPP
What does 'R' represent in the given equation for productivity in an ecosystem?AnswerView full question & answer→R represents the respiratory losses.Question 1061 MarkWhat are primary carnivores?AnswerView full question & answer→The herbivores (primary consumers) which depend on plants for their food are called primary carnivores. They are also called secondary consumer.Question 1071 MarkWhat does 'R' represent in the given equation for productivity in an ecosystem?
GPP - R = NPPAnswerView full question & answer→In the given equation for productivity in an ecosystem, GPP-R= NPP. 'R' represents the energy utilised by plants or producers in respiration. It is also referred to as respiration losses.Question 1081 MarkWhat is detritus?AnswerView full question & answer→Dead organic matter or remains of plant such as leaves, bark, flower and dead remain of animals, including faecal matter constitute detritus.Question 1091 MarkWhat is meant by 10% law?AnswerView full question & answer→It states that only 10% energy of a trophic level is transferred to the next higher trophic level.Question 1101 MarkClimax stage is achieved quickly in secondary succession as compared to primary succession. Why?AnswerView full question & answer→The rate of succession is much faster in secondary succession as the substratum (soil) is already present as compared to primary succession where the process starts from a bare area (rock).Question 1111 MarkWhat is the starting point of a grazing food chain and of a detritus food chain? 6. Why is a food web formed in nature?AnswerView full question & answer→Producers and dead organic matter, respectively.Question 1121 MarkName the important steps in the process of decomposition.AnswerView full question & answer→Fragmentation, leaching, catabolism, humification and mineralisation.Question 1131 MarkName the two climatic factors that regulate decomposition.AnswerView full question & answer→Temperature and soil moisture are the two climatic factors that regulate decomposition.Question 1141 MarkWhich two major groups of organisms make up the bulk of decomposers?AnswerView full question & answer→Fungi and bacteria.Question 1151 MarkWhy is the assimilation of energy at the herbivore level, called secondary productivity?AnswerView full question & answer→Herbivores are the primary consumers; the rate of assimilation or formation of new biomass at the consumer level is secondary productivity.Question 1161 MarkWhat do you understand by the term seral stage?AnswerView full question & answer→An individual transitional community in ecological succession.Question 1171 MarkName an organism found as secondary carnivore in an aquatic ecosystem.AnswerView full question & answer→Shark.Question 1181 MarkThe carbon atoms fixed by producers have to pass through three species. Mention the trophic level of the third species.AnswerView full question & answer→Tertiary consumer.Question 1191 MarkWhat is meant by PAR? AnswerView full question & answer→The part of the solar radiation which can be absorbed and used by the plants for photosynthesis, is called photosynthetically active radiation (PAR).Question 1201 MarkName any two organisms which occupy more than one trophic level in an ecosystem?AnswerView full question & answer→Man and sparrow.Question 1211 MarkWhat is the significance of the process of mineralization by microbes? AnswerView full question & answer→The inorganic nutrients released from the humus by the microbes are used by plants as nutrients.Question 1221 MarkMention one similarity between hydrarch and xerarch successions.AnswerView full question & answer→Both succession lead to medium water conditions (mesic), neither too dry, nor too wet.Question 1231 MarkState what does standing crop of a trophic level represent.AnswerView full question & answer→Standing crop represents total amount of living matter or organic matter present in an ecosystem in an unit area and at a specific time.Question 1241 MarkWhat is the ultimate source of energy for the ecosystems?AnswerView full question & answer→Sunlight (solar radiation).
