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Question 11 Mark

Answer the following question:
In what way is diffraction from each slit related to the interference pattern in a double-slit experiment?

Answer

If, width of each slit is of the order $\lambda$ then the intensity of interference fringes in Young's double-slit experiment is modified by the diffraction pattern of each slit.

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Question 21 Mark

Answer the following question:
When a tiny circular obstacle is placed in the path of light from a distant source, a bright spot is seen at the centre of the shadow of the obstacle. Explain why?

Answer

A bright spot is seen at the center of the shadow of objective because, wave diffracted from the edge of the circular obstacle interface constructively at the centre of the shadow producing a bright spot.

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Question 31 Mark

Answer the following question:
When a low flying aircraft passes overhead, we sometimes notice a slight shaking of the picture on our TV screen. Suggest a possible explanation.

Answer

A low flying aircraft reflects the TV signal. The slight shaking on the TV screen is due to interference between the direct signal and the reflected signal.

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Question 41 Mark

To which part of the electromagnetic spectrum does a wave of frequency $5 \times 10^{11} Hz$ belong?

Answer

A wave of frequency $5 \times 10^{11} Hz$ will belong to the Microwaves of electromagnetic spectrum.

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Question 51 Mark

To which part of the electromagnetic spectrum does a wave of frequency $3 \times 10^{13} Hz$ belong?

Answer

The frequency $3 \times 10^{13 }Hz$ belongs to infrared region of electromagnetic spectrum.

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Question 61 Mark

Why does sun appear red at sunrise and sunset?

Answer

It is due to least scattering of red light as it has the longest wavelength/ As per Rayleigh’s scattering, the amount of light scattered $\propto\frac{1}{\lambda^{4}}$.

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Question 71 Mark

To which part of the electromagnetic spectrum does a wave of frequency $5 \times 10^{19} Hz$ belong?

Answer

$\text{X} - \text{rays} /\gamma - \text{rays}.$

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Question 81 Mark

How does the angular separation between fringes in single-slit diffraction experiment change when the distance of separation between the slit and screen is doubled?

Answer

No change.

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Question 91 Mark

How would the angular separation of interference fringes in Young’s double slit experiment change when the distance between the slits and screen is doubled?

Answer

Angular separation will not change.

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Question 101 Mark

Which of the following waves can be polarized (i) Heat waves (ii) Sound waves? Give reason to support your answer.

Answer

Heat waves, as they are transverse/electromagnetic in nature.

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Question 111 Mark

What type of wavefront will emerge from an (i) point source, and (ii) distant light source?

Answer

Wavefront from point source - Spherical.Wavefront from distant light source - Plane.

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Question 121 Mark

If the angle between the pass axis of polarizer and the analyser is 45°, write the ratio of the intensities of original light and the transmitted light after passing through the analyser.

Answer

$\text{I} = \text{I}_{\circ} = \text{cos}^{2}\theta$
$\frac{\text{I}_{before polarizer}}{\text{I}_{before analyzer}} = \frac{4}{1}$

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Question 131 Mark

How does the fringe width of interference fringes change, when the whole apparatus of Young’s experiment is kept in a liquid of refractive index 1.3?

Answer

DecreasesAlternate Answer
Become 1/1.3 times of its initial value.

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Question 141 Mark

What is the speed of light in a denser medium of polarising angle 30°?

Answer

$\mu=\tan\text{i}_\text{p}$
$\mu=\tan30^\circ=\frac{1}{\sqrt3}$
$\mu=\frac{\text{c}}{\text{V}}=\frac{1}{\sqrt3}$
$\text{V}=\text{c}\times\sqrt3$
$\text{V}=3\sqrt3\times10^8\text{m}/\text{s}$

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Question 151 Mark

What are coherent sources of light?

Answer

Two sources of light having same frequency and zero or constant initial phase difference are called coherent sources.

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Question 161 Mark

Answer the following question:
When a tiny circular obstacle is placed in the path of light from a distant source, a bright spot is seen at the centre of the shadow of the obstacle. Explain why?

Answer

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Question 171 Mark

Two Polaroids are placed with their optic axis perpendicular to each other. One of them is rotated through $45^\circ ,$ what is the intensity of light emerging from the second Polaroid if $I_0$ is the intensity of unpolarised light?

Answer

$\text{I}=\frac{1_0}{2}\ \cos^2(45)^\circ=\frac{I_0}{4}.$

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Question 181 Mark

Find the thickness of a plate which will produce a change in optical path equal to half the wavelength $\lambda$ of the light passing through it normally. The refractive index of the plate is $\mu$.

Answer

Let, t = thickness of the plate
Given, optical path difference $=(\mu-1)\text{t}=\frac{\lambda}{2}$
$\Rightarrow\text{t}=\frac{\lambda}{2(\mu-1)}$

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Question 191 Mark

The polarising angle of a medium is 60°. What is the refractive index of the medium?

Answer

Brewster's law $\text{n}=\tan\text{ i}_\text{p}=\tan60^\circ=\sqrt{3}=1.732.$

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Question 201 Mark

In Young’s double slit experiment, if the distance between the slits be less than $\lambda(\text{i.e.,d<}\lambda)$ what will be the effect on interference fringes?

Answer

Fringe with $\beta=\frac{\text{D}\lambda}{\text{d}},\text{if d}<\lambda,$ so no fringe will be observed in region of visibility.

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Question 211 Mark

Consider the situation of the previous problem. If the mirror reflects only 64% of the light energy falling on it, what will be the ratio of the maximum to the minimum intensity in the interference pattern observed on the screen?

Answer

Given that, the mirror reflects 64% of energy (intensity) of the light.
So, $\frac{\text{I}_1}{\text{I}_2}=0.64=\frac{16}{25}\Rightarrow\frac{\text{r}_1}{\text{r}_2}=\frac{4}{5}$
So, $\frac{\text{I}_\text{max}}{\text{I}_\text{min}}=\frac{(\text{r}_1+\text{r}_2)^2}{(\text{r}_1-\text{r}_2)^2}=81:1.$

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Question 221 Mark

State the essential condition for diffraction of light to take place.

Answer

The condition is “The width or sharpness of obstacle or aperture must be of the order of the wavelength of light used.”

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Question 231 Mark

Plane microwaves are incident on a long slit having a width of 5.0cm. Calculate the wavelength of the microwaves if the first diffraction minimum is formed at $\theta=30^\circ.$

Answer

For first minimum diffraction, $\text{b}\sin\theta=\lambda$Here, $\theta=30^\circ,\text{b}=5\text{cm}$
$\therefore\lambda=5\times\sin30^\circ=\frac{5}{2}=2.5\text{cm}.$

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Question 241 Mark

When a tiny circular obstacle is placed in the path of light from a distant source, a bright spot is seen at the center of the shadow of the obstacle. Explain why.

Answer

Waves diffracted from the edges of the circular obstacle interfere constructively at the centre of the shadow producing a bright spot.

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Question 251 Mark

Draw the intensity distribution of the fringe for diffraction by single slit.

Answer

The pattern consists of a bright central maximum of maximum intensity, flanked by secondary maxima of rapidly decreasing intensity.

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