Social Science SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS(3 Mark)

The blacks agreed that majority rule would not be absolute. They agreed that the majority would not take away the property of the white minority.

1. Nelson Mandela was a South African leader who was tried for treason by the White South African government.
2. He and seven other leaders were sentenced to life imprisonment in 1964, for daring to oppose the apartheid regime in his country.
3. He spent the next 28 years in Robben Island, South Africa’s most dreaded prison.
4. He was released after 28 years from jail, and at midnight of the 26th of April 1994, South Africa got independence. He became the first President of independent South Africa.

The main features of a Democracy are as follows:
Freedom of Speech- There is no restriction is placed on the right to opinions and express then openly. Freedom of Association-There is no restriction placed on people who wants to form political parties to take part in democratic life.

He was arrested and imprisoned in 1962, and subsequently sentenced to life imprisonment for conspiring to overthrow the state following the Rivonia Trial. Mandela served 27 years in prison, split between Robben Island, Pollsmoor Prison, and Victor Verster Prison.

Compromises made by the blacks:

1. They agreed that majority rule would not be absolute.
2. They agreed that the majority would not take away the property of the white minority. Compromises made by the whites:
3. They agreed to the principle of majority rule and that of one person one vote.
4. They also agreed to accept some basic rights for the poor and the workers.A

Democracy is based on a fundamental principle of political equality. That gives us the third feature of democracy: in a democracy, each adult citizen must have one vote and each vote must have one value.

After the country was divided into India and Pakistan. The Constituent Assembly was also divided into the Constituent Assembly of India and Constituent Assembly of Pakistan.

The Constitution of India was drafted by the Constituent Assembly, and it was implemented under the Cabinet Mission Plan on 16 May 1946. The members of the Constituent Assembly were elected by the provincial assemblies by a single, transferable-vote system of proportional representation.

Whites in South Africa are natives as opposed to those in India. South African whites were born there, that is their motherland just because they are whites in Africa but that is their home which is not the case with whites in India. Most of these in India either went there for work, intermarriages or just relocated there.

Feature makes India a Republic country:

1. In India everyone is equal before the law.
2. In India their are many Fundamental rights for its citizens.
3. Indian citizens can go anywhere anytime with in india.
4. If anyone faces wrong problem he/ she can directly seek to the court.
5. Their is right of speech.

Constitutional history and development. Prior to the constituent assembly that convened in 1948 to draft the Indian constitution adopted in 1950 and still in force to date, the fundamental law of India was mostly embodied in a series of statutes enacted by the British Parliament.

Discriminatory laws were repealed. Ban on political parties and restrictions on media was lifted. After 28 years of imprisonment Nelson Mandela came released from Jail. The apartheid government came to an end.

Preamble is a short statement to the constitution. south africans were facing the aparthied system which increased the gap between blacks and whites and the end of aparthied system was clearly mentioned in the preamble. that is why it is said that "the preamble to the south african constitution sums up a spirit".

1. The Constitution describes the institutional arrangements in a very legal language. Like any constitution, the Indian Constitution lays down a procedure for choosing persons to govern the country.
2. It defines who will have how much power to take which decisions.
3. And it puts limits to what the government can do by providing some rights to the citizens that cannot be violate.

The experience gained by Indians in the working of the legislative institutions proved to be very useful for the country in setting up its own institutions and working in them. Many institutional details and procedures from colonial laws like the Government of India Act of 1935 have been referred while drafting the constitution.

It means that when our country got independence we had power to do anything like a separate country and no one interfering in our matters but great leaders had responsibility on them to keep us the citizens safe.

Apartheid refers to the official policy of racial separation and illtreatment of blacks followed by the white government of South Africa between 1948 and 1989. This practice of racial discrimination remained for the longest period in South Africa.

The countries which inspired the Indian Constitution were:

1. France: Many Indian leaders were inspired by the ideals of the French Revolution and their resolution on liberty, equality and fraternity.
2. Britain: Indian leaders were inspired by the practice of Parliamentary democracy in Britain.
3. US: Their Bill of Rights was a great inspiration.
4. Russia: The socialist revolution and the socialist economy of Russia also inspired the leaders of India.

In his concluding speech to the Constituent Assembly Dr.Ambedkar said that India was entering a life of ‘contradictions’ on 26th Jan 1950. By this he meant that in politics Indians would have equality but in social and economic life, there would be inequality. In politics India would be recognising the principle of one man one vote, with one value, but in social and economic life, the principle of one man one value would be denied.

The Institutional Revolutionary Party(Spanish: Partido Revolucionario Institucional, PRI) is a Mexican political party founded in 1929 that held power uninterruptedly in the country for 71 years from 1929 to 2000, first as the National Revolutionary Party

The whites agreed to the principle of majority rule and that of oneperson-one-vote. They also agreed to accept some basic rights for the poor and the workers. The blacks agreed that majority rule would not be absolute. They agreed that the majority would not take away the property of the white minority.

Integration after Independence and role of Gandhi. As the first Home Minister, Patel played the key role in the integration of the princely states into the Indian federation. In the elections, the Congress won a large majority of the elected seats, dominating the Hindu electorate.

All the aforesaid provisions came into force from the day We the people of India gave to overselves this Constitution that is from 26th day of November 1949.
And the remaining provisions came into force on 26th of January 1950.
So the Constitution came into force on 26th Of January 1950., while its different provision came into force at two different dates. But since the majority of provisions came into force on 26th of January 1950, the same is the date of coming into force of the Constitution.

Citizens have complete freedom to follow any religion. But there is no official religion. Government treats all religious beliefs and practices with equal respect.

The documents taken to form the Indian Constitution were:

1. The Indian Constitution was drafted by Motilal Nehru and eight other leaders in 1928.
2. The resolution at the Karachi Session of the INC on how independent India’s Constitution should look like in 1931.
3. Both these documents were committed to the inclusion of universal adult franchise right to freedom and quality and protecting the right of minorities in the constitution of independent India.

Trains, buses, taxis, hotels, hospitals, schools and colleges, libraries, cinema halls, theaters, beaches, swimming pools, public toilets, were all separate for the whites and blacks in South Africa. This was called ‘Segregation’.

1. Gandhiji wanted India to free all thralldom and patronage. There should be no high class and low class. An India in which all communities shall live in perfect harmony.
2. Two evils from which Gandhiji wanted to keep away his dream India.

1. The curse of untouchability.
2. The curse of the intoxicating drinks and drugs.

3. Gandhiji wanted them women will the same rights as men.

1. Like most countries in the contemporary world, India too has chosen to begin her Constitution with a Preamble.
2. The Preamble is a short statement of its basic values. It contains the philosophy on which the entire Constitution has been built. It is the Preface or the Introduction of the Constitution.
3. It provides a standard to examine and evaluate any law and action of government, to find out whether it is good or bad. It is the soul of the Indian Constitution.

Some reasons for accepting the same Constitution till today are:

1. The Constitution does not reflect the views of its members alone. It expresses a broad consensus of its time.
2. The Constituent Assembly represented the people of India. There was no Universal Adult Franchise at that time. So, the Constituent Assembly could not have been chosen directly by all the people of India but it was elected mainly by the members of Provincial Legislatures, which ensured a fair share of all the regions of the country.
3. The Constituent Assembly worked in a systematic, open and consensual manner.

The republic of Zimbabwe was proclaimed at a ceremony in Salisbury (now Harare) on 18 April 1980, at which Robert Mugabe was sworn in as prime minister.

Ambedkar:Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Chairman, Drafting Committee of the Indian Constitution with other members on Aug. 29, 1947. Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar, chairman of the Drafting Committee, presenting the final draft of the Indian Constitution to Dr. Rajendra Prasad on 25 November, 1949.

1. Democracies take more time in decision making. 
2. Democracies fall short of elections that provide a fair chance to everyone and subjecting every decision to public debate. 
3. The routine tales of corruption are enough to convince that democracies are not free of evil.

1. Inclusion of Universal Adult Franchise by giving all the citizens of India the right to vote and contest elections.
2. Right to freedom and equality to be granted. Since India remained under British control for a long time and being a country of diversities, it needed equality.
3. It also proposed for protecting the rights of minorities in the constitution of independent India.

1. Ideals of French Revolution.
2. Parliamentary democracy of Britain.
3. Bill of Rights in US and.
4. Socialist Revolution in Russia.

1. The Constituent Assembly completed the Constitution on 26 November, 1949.
2. But it was imposed on 26 January, 1950 to give due importance to the date, 26th January.
3. To mark this day we celebrate it as the Republic Day every year.

Jawaharlal Nehru declared Independence Day of India on 26th January, 1931.

A constitution does many things to make a country a democratic one:

1. It generates a degree of trust and coordination that is necessary for different kind of people to live together.
2. It specifies how the government will be constituted and who will have the power of taking which decisions.
3. It lays down limits on the powers of the government and tells us what the rights of the citizens are.
4. It expresses the aspirations of the people about creating a good society.

1. The rules should lay down how the rulers are to be chosen in future.
2. These rules should also determine what the elected governments are empowered to do and what they cannot do.
3. These rules should decide the rights of the citizens.
4. It must also contain the guidelines for the government as how to frame and implement  policies and programs for the general welfare of people.

1. Dr. Ambedkar was the chairman of the Drafting Committee.
2. He was a social revolutionary, thinker and agitator against caste divisions and caste-based inequalities.
3. Dr. Ambedkar played a key role in the making of the constitution but had a different understanding of how inequalities could be removed.
4. He often bitterly criticised Mahatma Gandhi and his vision.

1. The South African constitution inspires democrats all over the world.
2. A state denounced by the entire world till recently as the most undemocratic one is now seen as a model of democracy.
3. What made this change possible was the determination of the people of South Africa to work together to transform bitter experiences into the binding glue of a rainbow nation.

1. Dr. Rajendra Prasad (President).
2. Jaipal Singh (A sportsman and educationist later founder of Jharkhand Party).
3. Baldev Singh (An entrepreneur and a leader of the Panthic Akali Party).
4. B.R. Ambedkar (Chairman Drafting Committee).
5. JawaharLal Nehru (Prime Minister of the Interim Government).
6. Sarojini Naidu (Poet, writer and political activist).
7. Shyama Prasad Mukherjee (Minister for industry and supply in the interim Government Educationist and lawyer).

1. The Preamble of the constitution contains the philosophy on which the entire constitution has been built.
2. It provides a standard to examine and evaluate any law and action of the government to find out whether it is good or bad.
3. It is the soul of Indian constitution. It reads like a poem on democracy.

1. Nehru used the term ‘not wholly or in full measure’ because according to him the task they had undertaken was not complete.
2. The pledge that he wanted the makers of the Indian Constitution to take was to dedicate their lives to the service of India, the Indian people and the humanity at large.
3. Mahatma Gandhi.

1. Since 1950, the blacks, coloured and Indians fought against the apartheid system. They launched protest marches and strikes.
2. The African National Congress (ANC) was the umbrella organisation which led the struggle against the policies of segregation.
3. This included many workers’ union and the Communist Party.
4. Many sensitive whites also joined the ANC to oppose apartheid and played a leading role in this struggle.
5. Several countries also denounced apartheid as unjust and racist.

1. Universal Adult Franchise.
2. Right to freedom and equality.
3. Protecting the rights of minorities.

Many sensitive whites also joined the African National Congress to oppose apartheid. Several countries denounced apartheid as unjust and racist. But the white racist government continued to rule by torturing and killing black and coloured people.

1. Values that inspired and guided the freedom struggle and were in turn nurtured by it, formed the foundation for India’s democracy.
2. These values are embedded in the Preamble of the Indian Constitution.
3. They guide all the articles of the Indian Constitution.
4. The Constitution begins with a short statement of its basic values. This is called the Preamble of the Indian Constitution.

A Constitution is not merely a statement of value and philosophy. It is mainly about embodying these values into institutional arrangements. Much of the document called Constitution of India is about these arrangements. It is a very long and detailed document. Therefore, it needs to be amended quite regularly to keep it updated. The Constitution makers felt that it has to be in accordance with people's aspirations and changes in society. They did not see it as a sacred, static and unalterable law. So, they made provisions to incorporate changes from time to time. These changes are called constitutional amendments.

Main causes were:

1. He felt that the Constitution of South Africa speaks of both past and its future.
2. On one hand, it is a solemn pact in which they, as South Africans, declare to one another that they shall never permit a repetition of their racist, brutal and repressive past.
3. It is also a charter for the transformation of their country into one which is truly shared by all its people—a country which in the fullest sense belongs to all of them, black and white, women and men.

At that time the people of India were emerging from the status of subjects to that of citizens. The country was born through a partition on the religious basis. This was a traumatic experience for the people of India and Pakistan.