Social Science Question(1 Marks)

The main purpose was to integrate development of agriculture and village economy with rapid industrialisation and growth of urban economy.

Dam is a barrier across flowing water that obstructs, diverts or retards the flow often creating a reservoir lake or impoundment.

Traditional system of rainwater harvesting-
Underground tanks or Tankas/Rooftop rainwater harvesting.

Sources of fresh water in India:-

1. Surface runoff.
2. Groundwater.

It's recent demand is to enable poor citizens, especially the displaced people to get full rehabilitation facilities from the government.

Bamboo Drip Irrigation System is a 200 year old system of tapping stream and spring water by using bamboo pipe and transporting water from higher to lower regions through gravity.

Over-exploitation of water resource lead to falling ground water levels.

Yes, I agree because in urban areas their is a depletion of water if they will save water by rooftop rainwater harvesting method they can use it in irrigation etc.

Rajasthan and Gujarat.

Water resources are being over exploited to expand irrigated areas and dry-season agriculture in order to facilitate higher foodgrain production.

People had in - depth knowledge of rainfall regimes and soil types and developed wide ranging techniques to harvest rainwater, groundwater, river water and flood water in keeping with the local ecological conditions and their water needs.

Rainwater can be stored in tankas through a pipe from roof of the house till the next rainfall, thus, making it a very reliable source of water when all other water sources are dried up, particularly in summers.

The landowners and large farmers, industrialists and few urban centres from the multi-purpose projects.

They developed inundation channels to irrigate their fields.

Water scarcity in most cases is caused by over - exploitation, excessive use and unequal access to water among different social groups.

Population growth.
Agricultural modernisation.

In arid and semi-arid regions, agricultural fields were converted into rain fed storage structures that allowed the water to stand and moisten the soil like the ‘khadins’ in Jaisalmer and ‘Johads’ in other parts of Rajasthan.

The Bhakra-Nangal project lies in the Satluj-Beas river basin. The water of this dam is being used both for hydel power production and irrigation.

Freshwater is mainly obtained from surface run off and ground water that is continually being renewed and recharged through the hydrological cycle.

It is because the building of multi purpose projects and large dams cause large scale displacement of local communities.

In the flood plains of Bengal, people developed inundation channels to irrigate their fields.

A project where many uses of the impounded water are integrated with one another is known as multipurpose project. It is built for irrigation, power generation, water supply, flood control, recreation, etc. Two multipurpose projects of India are Bhakra Nangal and Hirakud Dam.

Ironically, the dams that were constructed to control floods have triggered floods due to sedimentation in the reservoir. Moreover, the big dams have mostly been unsuccessful in controlling floods at the time of excessive rainfall. The release of water from dams during heavy rains aggravated the flood situation.

1. Excessive use of water.
2. Unequal access to water among different social groups.

Tamil Nadu is the first and the only state in India which has made roof top rainwater harvesting structure compulsory to all the houses across the state. There are legal provisions to punish the defaulters.

Rainwater is the purest form of water.

Water scarcity may be an outcome of large and growing population and consequent greater demands for water, and unequal access to it.

Jawaharlal Nehru proudly proclaimed dams as the temples of modern India' the reason being that it would integrate development of agriculture and the village economy with rapid industrialisation and growth of the urban economy.

Rising resistance against the multi-purpose projects, water harvesting system was a viable alternative, both socioeconomically and environmentally.

People built 'guls' or 'kuls'in hilly and mountainous regions.

Tankas are underground tanks that are used to store water in the semi-arid and arid areas of Rajasthan. They are the part of rainwater harvesting system. These tanks could be as large as a big room. Rainwater is collected on the roof top and with the help of pipes rainwater drains down to the water tank.

Dams are built for irrigation, electricity generation, water supply for domestic and industrial uses, flood control, recreation, inland navigation and fish breeding.

Gujarat, the Sabarmati-basin farmers were agitated and almost caused a riot over the higher priority given to water supply in urban areas, particularly during droughts. Inter-state water disputes are also becoming common with regard to sharing the costs and benefits of the multi-purpose project.

In hill and mountainous regions, people built diversion channels like the ‘guls’ or ‘kuls’ of the Western Himalayas for agriculture.

These industries exert pressure on existing freshwater resources.

A dam is a barrier across flowing water that obstructs, directs or retards the flow, often creating a reservoir, lake or impoundment.

Very much of energy comes from hydroelectric power. Today, in India hydroeclectric power contributes approximately 22 per cent of the total electricity produced.

Multi-purpose projects were launched in India after independence.

Rainwater, or palar pani, as commonly referred to in these parts, is considered the purest form of natural water.

In Gendathur, a remote backward village in Mysore, Karnataka, villagers have installed, in their household’s rooftop, rainwater harvesting system to meet their water needs. Nearly 200 households have installed this system and the village has earned the rare distinction of being rich in rainwater.

Kaveri.

Multi-purpose projects, launched after Independence with their integrated water resources management approach, were thought of as the vehicle that would lead the nation to development and progress, overcoming the handicap of its colonial past.

Water is a renewable resource.

Archaeological and historical records show that from ancient times we have been constructing sophisticated hydraulic structures like dams built of stone rubble, reservoirs or lakes, embankments and canals for irrigation.

Today, in western Rajasthan, sadly the practice of rooftop rainwater harvesting is on the decline as plenty of water is available due to the perennial Rajasthan Canal, though some houses still maintain the tankas since they do not like the taste of tap water.

It is because plenty of water is available to them due to the perennial Rajasthan canal.

Regulating and damming of rivers affect their natural flow causing poor sediment flow and excessive sedimentation at the bottom of the reservoir, resulting in rockier stream beds and poorer habitats for the rivers’ aquatic life.

The variations in seasonal and annual precipitation are the main reasons.

1. Surface run-off.
2. Groundwater.
3. Rainwater.