Social Science SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS(3 Mark)

Economic development is the long-term increase in per capita income along with improvement in quality of life.Bases of economic development.

1. National income.
2. Per capita income.

Sustainability is a matter of sharing development opportunity not the poverty and human deprivation. If the present is miserable and unacceptable to the majority of the world's people it must be changed before it is sustained. In other words, what must be sustained are worthwhile life opportunities, not human deprivation. Sustainable development is the real economic development accompanied by an increase in economic welfare which can be potentially shared by future generations also.Example:

1. Ground water in India.
2. Exhaustion of Nation Resources.

1. Eat healthy and nutritious food.
2. Regular exercise.
3. Self monitoring.

1. Ensuring pollution-free environment.
2. Ensuring unadulterated medicines.
3. Preventing infectious diseases.
4. Providing adequate facilities for education to all children, irrespective of gender or caste.
5. Providing safe drinking water to all.

Sustainable development is that process of economic development which aims at judicious use of both renewable and non-renewable resources without harming the balance of environment keeping in mind the requirement for present and future generations.

Increase in average income cannot be a guarantee of overall progress of the economy. As the data of Punjab and Kerala; in this chapter; show, there are other factors which also need to be analysed before arriving at a conclusion. Some of those factors are; infant mortality rate, literacy rate etc.

Infant Mortality Rate (or IMR) indicates the number of children that die before the age of one year as a proportion of 1000 live children born in that particular year. The state of Kerala has the lowest Infant Mortality Rate in India where 12 children died before the age of one year as a proportion of 1000 live children born in 2015-2016.

Economic development refers to the rate of production is greater than the rate of increase in population and the rate of growth of GDP is high enough to fulfil the basic needs of the population.Two bases of measuring development of a country are as follows:

1. Per capita or average income.
2. National income and public facilities.

1. He may think to get quality education and persue his studies abroad.
2. He may require the availability of vocational education and training.
3. He may require capital to start his own business.

Money in your pocket cannot buy all the goods and services that you may need to live well:

1. Money cannot buy us pollution-free environment.
2. Money cannot buy us a disease-free life and might not be able to get protection from infectious disease.
3. Besides money, people also like to have equal treatment in the society, freedom, dignity and honour in their lives, which money cannot buy them.

There are factors other than income which are also important aspects in our lives. For example,

1. In the case of rural woman, gender equality is more important factor than income.
2. For scheduled castes and tribes social equality, self-confidence and self-esteem are more important factor than income.
3. Similarly in the case of child labour, proper education and freedom are more important factor than income.
4. Job security is more important than more income for a casual labour.

One important condition that would allow women to take up work or do business is Women Empowerment.
It means the social conditions prevalent, which guarantee equality and ability for a woman to enjoy all their rights, get access to resources, income and time, in order to take up employment of their liking or carry out a business for profit. Woman empowerment is aimed the holistic well-being of a woman.

1. Non-renewable resources are those which will get exhausted after years of use. We have a fixed stock on earth which cannot be replenished.
2. We can discover new resources that we did not know of earlier. New sources in this way add to the stock.
3. However, overtime, even this will get exhausted. In that situation life would be difficult for us. There would be total chaos all over the world.

Government should spend a lion’s share for gains in neonatal survival. Child mortality rates can be significantly reduced if community health workers visit new mothers regularly. Government should run awareness programs in urban as well as rural parts of the country so that women can access post-natal programs to learn about nutrition, vaccination schedules and breast feeding. Not only this, government can keep a strict check on health workers’ responsibilities.

It is because the life situations of persons are different.
People seek things that are most important for them or that which can fulfil their aspirations or desires.
For example: The developmental goals of a boy from a rich urban family would be to get admission in a reputed college, whereas the developmental goals of a girl from a rich urban family would be to get as much freedom as her brother.

Non-material things Means not material or composed of matter, not involving, seeking, or primarily concerned with riches or material things; involving orconcerned with the spiritual, intellectual, or cultural aspects of life.

2. Because life situations of persons are different. The requirements vary according to the living conditions of people. Therefore, people seek those things that are most important to them, i.e. the things which can fulfill their aspirations and desires.

	2001	2011	Difference
Persons	64.83%	74.04%	9.2%
Males	75.26%	82.14%	6.9%
Females	53.67%	65.46%	11.8%

Life expectancy refers to the number of years a person is expected to live based on the statistical average. Life expectancy varies by geographical area and by era. In the Bronze age, for example, life expectancy was 26 years, while in 2010, it was 67 years.

Per capita income is useful for comparison. But it does not indicate how this income is distributed among people. So, apart from the size of per capita income, equitable distribution of income is important in comparing two or more societies.

TABLE 1.3: PER CAPITA INCOME OF SELECT STATES.

State	Per Capita Income for 2002-03 (in Rs)
Punjab Kerala Bihar	26000 22800 5700

TABLE 1.4: SOME COMPARATIVE DATA ON PUNJAB, KERALA AND BIHAR.

State	Infant Mortality Rate per 1,000 (2003)	Literacy Rate (%), 2001	Net Attendance Ratio for Class I-V (1995-96)
Punjab Kerala Bihar	49 11 60	70 91 47	81 91 41

Explanation of some of the terms used in this table.
Infant Mortality Rate (IMR): Indicates the number of children that die before the age of one year as a proportion of 1000 live children born in that particular year.
Literacy Rate: Measures the proportion of literate population in the 7 and above age group.
Net Attendance Ratio: Is the total number of children of age group 6 - 10 attending school as a percentage of total number of children in the same age group.
Yes, Punjab is ahead of Bihar in literacy rate.

Different persons could have different as well as conflicting notions of a country's development. In fact, two persons or groups of persons may seek things which are conflicting. To get more electricity, industrialists may want more dams. But this may submerge the land and disrupt the lives of people who are displaced such as tribes. They might resent this and may prefer small check dams or tanks to irrigate their land.

Consequences of environmental degradation do not respect national or state boundaries. This issue is no longer a regional or national issue. Our future is linked together. Sustainability of development is essential for all the mankind and it is our common responsibility to save the environment. These days, it is matter of discussion among different countries of world. Global warming, acid rain, etc. are not to be controlled by one nation. It is a global matter of thinking and finding the solutions.

1. Reduce our dependency on heavy metals and fossil fuels such as coal, oil and natural gas.
2. Reduce our dependency on synthetic chemicals.
3. Reduce our destruction of nature which includes clearing of forest and natural habitats for human needs.
4. The fourth principal is to ensure that we don’t stop people from meeting their needs in order to achieve environmental sustainability. We must maintain a balance between environmental and economic sustainability.

Sustainable economic development means that development should take place without damaging the environment and development in the present should not compromise on the needs of future generation.
Main features of sustainable economic development is:

1. Reduction in polution.
2. Quality of life of future generation should not reduce.
3. Efficient use of natural resources.

1. Gender discrimination: India is a male dominating society. Particularly in rural areas, girl child is discriminated against male child and are not even sent for education.
2. Poverty: Due to wide-spread poverty in rural areas, people want girls to help in the household work, look after their siblings and do all household chores.
3. Distance: Secondary schools are not found in all the villages of India, therefore, they don’t prefer their girls to go to distances like nearby village merely for education.

The three efforts which could be made by any country to improve its HDI are:

1. Providing 100% literacy to the people.
2. Improving health facilities.
3. Creating a pollution-free environment.

Characteristics of Development:

1. What may be development for one may not be development for the others.
2. For development, people look at mix goals.
3. Income is the most important component of development but along with income, people also seek equal treatment, good health, peace and security, etc.

To check the criterion for the development of countries, their income is considered to be one of the most important attributes.
Countries with higher income are more developed than others with less income.
This is based on the understanding that more income means more of all the things that human beings need. Whatever people like, and should have, they will be able to get with greater income.
So, greater income itself is considered to be one important goal.

When we look at the figures related to Human Development Index, India lags behind on several parameters. Although the life expectancy, infant mortality, and literacy rate have shown improvement in 2011 census, much more needs to be done. Given the vast population of India, the absolute number of infants how die before completing one year is very high. This can be attributed to lack of proper healthcare, drinking water, sanitation and nutrition; especially in rural areas. India needs to develop facilities to improve on these parameters to become a developed country.

Income by itself is not a completely adequate indicator of material goods and services that citizens are able to use. Normally, money cannot buy us a pollution-free environment or ensure that we get unadulterated medicines. Money may also not be able to protect you from infectious diseases, unless the whole of your community takes preventive steps.

Few examples of environmental degradation:

• Deforestation.
• Soil erosion.
• Falling levels of ground water.
• Depletion of the ozone layer and combustion from automobiles causing extreme air pollution.
• Water Pollution.

Human development means the development of an individual in such way that he could lead a happy life according to his cherished wish and genius. The measures of looking at development other than income are quality of life and environmental sustainability. Beside income, people aspire for regular work, better wages and decent price for their crops or other products. People also want equal treatment, freedom, security and respect of others. They resent discrimination.

Important aspects of our lives which are more important than income:

1. Respect: Respect is very important in India. We should respect each n everyone. Give respect n take respect.
2. Peaceful life: Peace is really important other than income. So living the life peacefully is good.
3. Government facilities: As government schools, colleges n public buildings should be provided by the government.
4. Goverment: People choose their government on their own vote. So it's the most important thing.

In factories where goods and services are produced at mass scale, in mining areas and in manufacturing units where also goods are produced and manufactured in bulk. So, few merchants prefer to sell their goods in wholesale and they don’t want any kind of mediator in their work and all they want is that customers should come to them and purchase goods and services from them so here both seller and buyer is benefitted in their own ways. Therefore it can be said that collective of goods and services is cheaper than individual provision.

The developmental goals for such an area should be:

• Availing the loan facility for poor people to make houses and toilets.
• A secure ownership should be provided of the land on which they live.
• Availing the services like electricity, water and sanitation.
• Removing unemployment by providing more and more job opportunities.
• Medical facilities and hospitals.

Public facilities are those basic facilities provided by the government to the general public.Importance of public facilities are:

1. They help in developing by providing easy access to basic necessities.
2. Proper education and value education can be provided by the government.
3. Public distribution system (PDS) provides food security in a country.

Developmental goals for landless rural labourers are more days of work and better wages, local schools, which are able to provide quality education for their children and there should not be any social discrimination and they too can become leaders in the village.

Sustainable development means that the development at present should not hamper the needs of the future generation and it should take place without damaging the environment. The issue of sustainability is important for development because development must be in tandem with the future. If natural resources are not sustained, then development will stagnate after a point of time. Exploiting resources unethically will ultimately undo the development that a country may have achieved. This is because in the future, those resources will not be available for further progress.
Consequences of environmental degradation do not respect national or state boundaries; this issue is no longer region or nation specific .Our future is linked together. Sustainability of development is comparatively a new area of knowledge in which scientists, economists, philosophers and other social scientists are working together.

Among the other South-Asian countries, Sri Lanka ranked 76 with the HDI value of 0.77 and Maldives stood at 101 with the HDI value of 0.717 were ahead of India. On the other hand, neighbours Bangladesh and Pakistan were ranked at 136 and 150 respectively. India's HDI value is above the average of 0.638 for the region.

The aspirational goals of these urban boys and girls can be different or sometimes conflicting.

1. A boy from a rich urban family: He would like to go for good education to a reputed institution, probably use a good branded mobile, a laptop, an iPad.
2. A girl from a rich urban family: She should be able to pursue her studies abroad, get as much freedom as her brother and should be able to decide what she wants to do. She would like to go for professional education and then pursue a job.

There are many different causes of infant mortality, from infection to birth defects or accidents. The main causes of infant mortality in the United States are different than the main causes of infant death around the world. In addition, in the United States and worldwide, the most common causes of infant death in the first weeks after birth are different than those that occur later in the first year.

The concept of sustainable development is applicable here. The resources have to be wisely and judiciously used. The recycling methods have to be adopted more. The alternatives to the existing energy sources have to be find out etc.

Both the statements are true but their meanings are different. Two people may have different developmental goals buy they need not always be conflicting. For example; construction of a flyover to reduce waiting time at a railway crossing can be the developmental goal for an office worker. But if the construction of the flyover necessitates demolition of slums, it can be contradictory for the slum dwellers. But on the other hand, 24 hour electricity supply would be developmental goal for almost each and every person.

Different persons can have different developmental goals. What may be development for one may not be development for the other. It may even be destructive for the other. For example; a dam may be developmental goal for an industrialist, but the same dam can create havoc with the life of people who need to be evacuated in the catchment area. Different people have different developmental needs. These needs are based on their particular life situations. For example; for a person in a remote village, access to an all weather road can be the developmental goal. On the other hand, for a person living in Delhi or Mumbai; construction of a rapid mass transit system may be the developmental goal.

The availability of good health and educational facilities does not solely depend on amount of money spent rather in this case health facilities are dependent on the capabilities of the doctors and quality of medicines and quantity of staff their behavior towards patients and many more factors are there. So it would be wrong to say that it is solely dependent on money.