BIOLOGY 1 Marks Question

Glycolysis, which involves breaking down of sugar to form pyruvic acid, is the first step in cellular respiration.

Oxygen is the ultimate acceptor of electrons in ETS because it is highly reactive and combines with protons to form metabolic water.

4.  

Less than seven percent.

Hexokinase.

The name given is terminal oxidation.

Two molecules of ATP are produced. In fact, 4 molecules are produced out of which 2 molecules are utilized for intermediate processes.

Instances where lactic acid is formed by fermentation are:

1. During fermentation by lactic acid bacteria.
2. During strenuous exercise, in the striated muscles in humans.

1. Hexokinase
2. Acetyl CoA

From sucrose or starch.

In the matrix of mitochondria.

Succinic acid → Fumaric acid.

ATP is known as the energy currency of the cell because it acts as reservoir of energy and it releases energy. The other energy carriers present in a cell are ADP and AMP.

It forms carbon dioxide and water, with the release of energy.

Acetyl CoA combines with oxalo acetic acid, to form citric acid.

Oligomycin.

36 to 38 molecules of ATP.

Phosphoglyceraldehyde → 3C, isocitrate → 6C.

Stomata and lenticels.

0.9

The old tree trunk is covered by dead woody tissue called cork. The epidermal layers of such tree get ruptured and outer cortical cells are loosely arranged. These structures are called as lenticels. These are the sites of gases exchange and transpiration.

The energy produced from the breaking of high energy bonds of both GTP and ATP is of same amount.

1. 15
2. 12

During the conversion of succinic acid into fumaric acid.

Glucose A - Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate B -Phosphoenol pyruvate C - Ethanol.

Two pairs (4) of protons.

Pyruvic acid.

Stomata and lenticels.

It happens due to incomplete oxidation of the substrate.

• Glycolysis occurs in the cytoplasm of a cell.
• Glucose breaks down into two molecules of pyruvic acid (pyruvate).

Pyruvic acid, the product of glycolysis can undergo any of the following three processes for further oxidation and energy release:

1. Lactic Acid Fermentation.
2. Ethanol Fermentation.
3. Krebs' Cycle.

Glucose and fructose.

Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate and dihydroxy acetone phosphate.

Substrate level phosphorylation takes place during the following reactions:

1. When 1, 3-bisphosphoglycerate is converted into 3-phosphoglycerate.
2. When phosphoenol pyruvate is converted into pyruvic acid.

Two pairs of protons (i.e., 4) pass through complex V for the synthesis of 2 molecules of ATP from 2 ADP and 2 inorganic phosphate molecules.

The ATP for glycolysis comes from the cytoplasm.

The molecule which undergoes oxidation during cellular respiration is called respiratory substrate. Usually glucose is the respiratory substrate, but sometimes even protein and fat is oxidized during cellular respiration.

It forms carbon dioxide and water, with the release of energy.

• During fermentation by lactic acid bacteria.
• During strenuous exercise, in the striated muscles in humans.

Conversion of oxaloacetic acid to citric acid is not mediated by dehydrogenase enzyme.

Three.

Glycolysis, which involves breaking down of sugar to pyruvic acid is the first step in cellular respiration.

Acetyl Co-A synthesis takes place in the mitochondrial matrix.

The energy carried by electrons is used for synthesis of ATP from ADP and Pi in the ETC.

ATP is known as energy currency of the cell. Two other energy carriers present are GTP (guano sine triphosphate) and CTP (cytidine triphosphate).

It catalyses conversion of sucrose into glucose and fructose.

Oxysomes.

Oxaloacetic acid.

The glucose as absorbed and reaches blood, giving instant energy Whereas, cheese sandwich will require time for digestion, and absorption. Sick person requires immediate energy supply so glucose or fruit Juices contains glucose are given to them.

Cytochrome is a small protein containing iron atom, so it is called haem protein.

It helps in maintaining proton gradient on the two sides of the membrane. It also helps in synthesis of ATP molecule.

1. Ubiquinol.
2. Oxygen.

In anaerobic respiration, the respiratory substrate is only partially oxidised; it can further be oxidised to yield more energy whereas in aerobic process, there is complete oxidation of glucose and no more energy can be obtained.

Pyruvic decarboxylase and alcohol dehydrogenase.

• When 3-phosphoglyceraldehyde is converted into 1, 3 bisphosphoglyceric acid.
• Two molecules of NADH are formed.

3. Cake.

3-phosphoglyceraldehyde and dihydroxyacetone phosphate.

Acetyl CoA.

Ribulose-1, 5, bisphosphate.

Citric acid.