BIOLOGY 1 Marks Question

Family: A group of closely related genera is called a family. For example: family hominidae contains Apes, Monkeys and Man. In plants, families are categorized on the basis of vegetative and reproductive features.

The knowledge of characteristic of an individual or its whole population helps in identification of similarities and dissimilarities among the individuals of same kind or between different types of organisms. It helps us to classify the organisms in various categories depending upon these similarities and dissimilarities.

Class: The group of closely related orders is called class. For example: orders Primata and Carnivora belong to the class Mammalia.

Genus: A group of closely related species is called genus. For example: genus Solanum, includes many species such as nigrum, melongena, tuberosum, etc.

Order: A group of closely related families is called order. For example: order carnivora, includes many families.

To classify a class of forty students, let us start the classification on the basis of sexes of the students. This classification will result in the formation of two major groups- boys and girls. Each of these two groups can be further classified on the basis of the names of the students falling in these groups. Since it is possible that more than one student can have a particular name, these names can be further divided based on the surnames. Since there is still some chance that more than one student can have the same surname, the final level of classification will be based on the roll numbers of each student.

Phylum: A group of closely related classes is called phylum. For example: pisces, amphibia, reptilia, aves and mammalia belong to the Phylum Chordata.

A large variety of plants, animals, and microbes are found on earth. All these living organisms differ in size, shape, color, habitat, and many other characteristics. As there are millions of living organisms on earth, studying each of them is impossible. Therefore, scientists have devised mechanisms to classify all living organisms. These methods of classification are based on rules and principles that allow identification, nomenclature, and finally classification of an organism. For example, based on certain principles, once an organism is identified as an insect, it will be given a scientific name and then grouped with other similar organisms. Thus, various groups or tax on include organisms based on their similarity and differences. Therefore, the biological classification helps in revealing the relationship between various organisms. It also helps in making study of organisms easy and organized.

False.

Metabolism is a term that is used to describe all chemical reactions involved in maintaining the living state of the cells and the organism. Metabolism can be conveniently divided into two categories: Catabolism- The breakdown of molecules to obtain energy. Anabolism- The synthesis of all compounds needed by the cells.

Living things grow either by increase in cell number or increase in cell mass.

In museums, specimens are preserved in containers or jars in preservative solutions. Plant and animal specimens may also be preserved as dry specimens.

Metabolic reactions can be demonstrated outside the body in cell-free systems. When an isolated metabolic reaction is performed outside the body of an organism in a test tube, it is neither living nor non-living. Hence, while metabolism is a defining feature of all living organisms without exception, isolated metabolic reactions in vitro are not living things, but are living reactions. Here, it can also be said that cellular organisation of the body is the defining feature of life forms.

All living organisms contain genetic material in the form of DNA which is responsible for the transmission of traits from one generation to the next. However, in some viruses another nucleic acid, i.e., RNA is present as the genetic material.

Growth exhibited by non-living objects is by accumulation of materials on the surface. Growth in living organisms is from inside.

A species is defined as a group of individual organisms with fundamental similarities in characters and are capable of interbreeding among themselves to produce fertile offspring in nature.

Julian Huxley (1940).

The three-domain system was first invented in 1990. One main characteristic of the three domain method is the separation of Archaea and bacteria, previously, grouped into the single Kingdom Bacteria (or Monera).The three domains of life are as follows:

1. Archaea
2. Bacteria
3. Monera.

A Monograph is a scholarly piece of writing of essay or book length on a specific, often limited subject.

1. Filamentous algae.
2. Protonema of mosses.

Nomenclature refers to the assigning of names to organisms.

Main Botanical Garden, Moscow is largest garden spread over an area of 900 acres. A few well known botanical gardens in India are – Indian Botanical Garden Sibpur (Kolkata), Lloyd Botanical Garden (Darjeeling) and National Botanical Garden (Lucknow).

The taxonomic categories which are always used in hierarchical classification of organisms are called obligate categories The taxonomic categories from species to kingdom are broad categories or obligate categories. However, taxonomists have developed sub-categories in this hierarchy to facilitate more sound and scientific placement of various taxa. Intermediate categories are subphyla, subclasses, suborders, subfamilies, subgenera, varieties or subspecies.

Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus and Species.

The first two name denotes the genus and the species. ‘Brassica’ represents the genetic epithet of the plant whereas the ‘campestris’ denotes the specific epithet of the plant belongs.

A couplet represents the choice made between two opposite options (of a characteristic).

The planet earth is full of thousands of species. To facilitate a systematic study of them Biological Classification is necessary.

Mule and wotter honey bees.

Carolus Linnaeus.

Phylum: Phylum comes next to Kingdom in the taxonomical hierarchy. All broad characteristics of an animal or plant are defined in a phylum. For example all chordates have a notochord and gill at some stage of life cycle. Similarly all arthopods have jointed legs made of chitin. Order: Order further zeroes down on characteristics and includes related genera. For example humans and monkeys belong to the order primates. Both humans and monkeys can use their hands to manipulate objects and can walk on their hind legs. Genus: Comprises a group of related species which has more characters in common in comparison to species of other genera. We can say that genera are aggregates of closely related species. For example, potato, tomato and brinjal are three different species but all belong to the genus Solanum. Lion (Panthera leo), leopard (P. pardus) and tiger (P. tigris) with several common features, are all species of the genus Panthera. This genus differs from another genus Felis which includes cats. Species: Taxonomic studies consider a group of individual organisms with fundamental morphological similarities as a species. One should be able to distinguish one species from the other closely related species based on the distinct morphological differences.

In a botanical garden various plant species are reared. Special artificial climate is created for a plant's specific needs. The purpose of botanical garden is to maintain a rich flora of diverse species. Since, they are live specimens so they help scientists in studying physiology and anatomy over a long duration. Imagine if Mendel were given a botanical garden full of variety of species. He could have done experiment on so many plants and may have come with more insights.

1. The fint part is the generic name and the second part is the specific name.
2. Linn indicates Linnaeus, who had first described this species.
3. Because they are in Latin.

An Order.

1. ICBN: International Code for Botanical Nomenclature.
2. ICZN: International Code of Zoological Nomenclature has developed a system for identifying and classifying the animals.

The common name of Brassica campestris is mustard.

ICZN stands for International Code of Zoological Nomenclature.

1. ICBN: Interactional Code of Botanical Nomenclature.
2. ICBN: International Code of Zoological Nomenclature.

The spectrum of diversity in the living world can be known only through the study of taxonomy.

Indica.

Growth cannot be taken as the definite property of the living organisms. Even a non-living thing grows by the accumulation of matter over the time, but it does not fulfill the other criteria like reproduction, metabolism, and consciousness. Similarly, the growing ball of snow does not fulfill the other criterions and thus is considered to be non-living.

It is because non-living objects like boulders and sand mounds do grow, if we consider increase in mass or size as a criterion of growth.

A geographical location rich in biodiversity would have a healthier ecosystem. A rich biodiversity helps maintain the ecological balance as well.

Monograph, mannuals.

Taxon.

In amoeba, the reproduction is synchronous with the growth. Amoeba is a single celled organism in which the increase in the number of cells or mass is considered to be growth as well as reproduction. After mitosis, there is no growth in size rather two new organisms are formed. The parent divides into two and forms two new daughter cells. Hence formation of new cells is considered to be reproduction.

Species ­> Genus ­> Family ­> Order ­> Phylum

The scientific or bionomial names are always written in italics to show their Latin origin. Moreover, it is a rule to write the scientific names in italics.

1. Genus.
2. Class.

A family.

The term 'linn' denotes that the species was first described by Carolus Linnaeus.

Growth is defined as an irreversible increase in the number of cells and,/ or mass of the living structure.

A taxonomic aid is a storage of record of either live or dead specimens of flora or fauna, which helps scientists in taking reference to study classification.

Species is the lowermost taxonomic category in biological classification. Members of a species are similar in physical characteristics and are able to interbreed.

Consciousness enables an organism to respond to various external factors. It is the ability of living organisms to respond to various physical, chemical and biological stimuli from their surroundings.

Carolus Linnaeus developed binomial nomenclature, he is known as Father of Taxonomy. Two other botanists who gave their contribution to the field of plant taxonomy are John Ray (author of Historia generalis plcmtarum and gave term species) and A.P. de candolle (introduced the term taxonomy).

Metabolism refers to the sum total of all the chemical reactions occurring in the body of a living organism.

It is difficult and dangerous to study ferocious animals in their natural habitats. Further, it is cruel to study them in captivity. So zoological garden is a better option. Scientists can study different behavioural patterns, like feeding habits,mating rituals. This can help in a better understanding about them.

Correlated characters are those common features, which are used in delimitation of a taxon above the rank of species.

It is because of the great variability in languages in different parts of the word.

Biodiversity refers to the number and types of organisms present on the earth.

A monograph is a taxonomic aid which gives a comprehensive account of the available information of any one taxon (a family/ genus species) at a given time.

A key is a set of two contrasting characters out of which either of the characters is carried over to future generations for better adaptability. These keys help scientists establish the link and path towards development of a particular taxonomic category.

Gametes.

A taxon Represents any category or unit of classification or a rank.

All the activities like growth, reproduction, movements, responsiveness, development, etc., are due to metabolism. Metabolism is of two types, i.e., anabolism and catabolism. Anabolism involves the synthesis of complex compounds from simpler ones, e.g., photosynthesis and catabolism involves the breakdown of complex compounds into simpler substances, e.g., respiration.

In unicellular organisms like Amoeba, bacteria and unicellular algae, reproduction is synchronised with growth, i.e., they reproduce and grow by increase in number of cells.

1. Family.
2. Class.

Homo sapiens.

1. Properties of cell organelles are not prcscilln the molecular level of organisation, but arisc as a result of inrcractions among the molecular components comprising the organelle.
2. Properties of tissues are not found in the cellular level of organisation, but arise as a result of interactions among the constituent cells.

Mules, sterile worker bees.

Plants and their parts are dried up to be preserved and they are kept in herbariums Pale for future reference.

Taxon is a level of hierarchy in biological classification. Example: Family is a taxa.

Taxonomic hierarchy is the framework in which the taxonomic groups (taxa) are arranged in a definite order, from higher to lower categories.

Kingdom.

Classification is the art of identifying distinctions among organisms and placing them into groups that reflect their most significant features and relationships.

The number of species of flora and fauna present in a given geographical location is called biodiversity.

1. Reproduction: Living beings reproduce progeny, while non-living do not reproduce.
2. Growth: Living beings show growth, while non-living do not grow.

Living organisms can be divided into different taxa based on their characteristics. This process of classification is called taxonomy.

A manual is a taxonomic aid, that contains the compiled information about plants and animals of the area covered, while a flora gives information about habitat and distribution of only plants of a given area.

Contrasting characters.