Biology M.C.Q (1 Marks)

Reptiles and birds and some insects have developed eggs with a shell impermeable to water.
These shells allow oxygen to diffuse into the egg and carbon dioxide to diffuse out.
Such eggs which does not allow the transport except for gas exchange are called as cleidoic eggs.

Banana reproduce asexually by 'suckers' formation.
Yeast reproduce asexually by budding and amoeba by binary fission, multiple fission, sporulation and regeneration.

Pollination is the process by which pollen is transferred from the anther to the stigma of the plant of the same species, thereby enabling fertilization and reproduction.
This transfer can be accomplished by abiotic agents such as wind and water, but animal pollinators affect the majority of pollination such as insects, birds, and bats. Insects are the most common of the

During the process of binary division first, the parent cell enlarges and then nuclear division takes place, followed by cytoplasm division as in Amoeba.

Gametogenesis takes place through meiosis and crossing over takes place during meiosis. Crossing over is responsible for some alteration in genotype. Moreover, fertilization results in gene pools from two different individuals and thus zygote has a somewhat different genotype than both the presents. Hence, the term clone cannot be applied to offspring formed by sexual reproduction.

Elaborate sexual reproductive process appeared much later in the organic evolution because of Lower groups of organisms have simpler body design. Asexual reproduction is common in lower groups. Asexual reproduction is common in lower groups of organisms. The high incidence of sexual reproduction in angiosperms and vertebrates.
Lower groups of organisms have simpler body design. Asexual reproduction is common in lower groups of organisms. High incidence of sexual reproduction in angiosperms and vertebrates.

Presence of meristematic cells gives the ability of vegetative propagation.

Pistil may have many carpels. Each carpel may have more than one ovule.

Reproduction can be defined as the biological process by which new individuals or offsprings are produced from their 'parents'.
Since the off springs contain the genetic material obtained from their parents, they are similar to their parents.

The above given figure shows the binary fission in amoeba.
We know that Amoeba is a unicellular prokaryotic organism which undergoes asexual reproduction.
Amoeba reproduces through binary fission in which the cells are divided which give rise to to daughter Amoeba cells.
Through this replicating method the genetic materials undergo mitosis division and the cell divides as well as the nucleus into two equal sized cells which are genetically clones.

The egg of birds and reptiles is rich in yolk and supports the full development of an embryo.
They lay eggs and are called oviparous animals.
The human egg is not rich in yolk and cannot support the development of an embryo.
Hence, the development of embryo occurs inside the body of the female parent.
Humans are thus viviparous animals giving birth to young ones.
The process of development of an embryo from an unfertilized egg is known as parthenogenesis. It occurs in bees, aphids, water fleas, etc.
Ovo vivipary is the phenomenon when an embryo develops inside an egg and remains in the body of the mother until hatching

Birds belong to the class Aves and phylum Chordata.
All the birds have feathers, a lightweight skeleton with hollow bones, beaks and wings.
Although there are certain birds that cannot fly though they have wings.
But all the birds are known to lay eggs.

Vegetative propagation involves artificial and natural means by which plants reproduce.
Natural means of vegetative propagation involves sucker which is found in mint as well as banana.
In this case, underground branches arise from the underground stem and protrude upward.
Once branch gets matured, it separates from the parent plant and survives as an individual.

In vegetative propagation new plant arise from vegetative parts of plant so offspring is clone of parent and have same genetic constituent.
Vegetative propagation in ginger occur from underground stem called as Rhizome.
Totipotency is important in plant cell and tissue culture.
Totipotency means whole plant can be regenerate from single cell.
In tissue culture we produce new plant from single cell by giving plant hormones and required nutrients.

Pollination is the process by which pollen is transferred from the anther or the male part to the stigma or the female part of the plant thereby enabling fertilization and reproduction.
Fertilization is the fusion of male and female gametes.
Reproduction is the biological process by which an individual organism is produced from their parents.

Isogamy is a form of sexual reproduction that involves gametes of similar morphology.
The gametes differ in their allele expression.
As they look alike they cannot be classified as male and female gametes.

The vegetative propagation of sweet potato can be done by roots.
Sweet potato is a modification of adventitious roots which grow from the nodes of a running stem and they are irregularly swollen due to storage of food.
They can give rise to adventitious buds which when detached can give rise to new plants thus performing the function of vegetative propagation.

Budding is a mode of asexual reproduction seen in Hydra.
First, a bud begins to form on the tubular parent body.
The bud then develops a mouth and tentacles and detaches from its parent.
The new Hydra is fully developed and will find a substrate for its attachment.

Animals giving birth to young ones are called viviparous animals.
The egg of these animals typically contains less yolk insufficient to support the development of the zygote into an embryo.
Hence, development proceeds inside the body of the female animal, and the fully developed embryo is delivered.
Oviparous animals lay eggs.
Their egg typically has more amount of yolk and can support the development of the zygote into an embryo outside the body of the mother.
Ovoviviparous animals lay eggs and develop the eggs inside the mother's body.

Budding is a form of asexual reproduction in which a new organism develop from an outgrowth or bud due to cell division at one particular site.
In Hydra, a bud develops as outgrowth due to repeated cell division at a particular site.
Yeast also splits via budding and it results in a 'mother' and a smaller 'daughter' cell.

Explanation: (D) Parthenogenesis
Parthenogenesis may be defined as the development of female gamete into a new individual without fertilization.
The megaspore mother cell undergoes the usual meiotic division to form haploid egg and embryo develops from the egg without fertilization.

The process of development of an embryo from an unfertilized egg is known as parthenogenesis.
It is a natural form of asexual reproduction.
They are considered as the clone of the parent.
Paedogenesis is the process of reproduction by larval animals.
Fertilization do not take place and the development take place due to metamorphosis.
Metamorphosis is the process of development of organism after birth or hatching.
It mainly takes place in the presence of thyroid hormone.
Gametogenesis is the process by which gametes are formed.

Oviparous animals are the animals which lay eggs.
Viviparous animals produce living young ones instead of eggs.
Rats give birth to young ones.
Ovoviviparous animals produce eggs that develop within the maternal body and hatch within or immediately after extrusion from the parent.
Parthenogenetic is the reproduction by development of an unfertilized female gamete or egg that occurs especially among lower plants and invertebrates.

Release of both the gametes simultaneously is necessary to ensure fertilization.
The male gametes need some medium through which they can travel up to the female gamete. Water is the medium for most the cases; while air is a medium in some cases.

Birds are oviparous animals which means that they lay eggs.
On the other hand, dogs do not lay eggs and are viviparous animals which means that dogs give birth to young ones directly.

The animal which has either the male or the female reproductive organs are known as unisexual organisms.
These organisms exhibit the property of sexual dimorphism.
Sexual dimorphism are the differences in appearance between males and females of the same species.
The lizards are the reptiles which are bisexual.
There are no different sexes but both the sexes are present in the same organism. Humans are unisexual.

Viviparity means giving birth to young ones.
Viviparous animals produce young ones instead of laying eggs.
The female animal gives birth to the young ones which are just like little adults.
Rabbits give birth to young ones.
Frogs, lizards, and snakes lay eggs which later develop into young ones.

We can identify amoeba by its pseudopodia that is clearly visible in the given diagram, apart from that nucleus is also shown dividing.

Tubectomy is a surgical procedure for sterilization in which a woman's fallopian tubes are clamped and blocked, or severed and sealed, which prevents eggs from reaching the uterus for implantation, thereby no fertilization can takes place.
It is considered the permanent method of birth control.

A hermaphrodite is an organism which consists both male and female sexes in the same individual.
Pleiotropy occurs when one gene influences multiple, unrelated phenotypic traits.
Incomplete dominance and codominance are different forms of inheritance.
Codominance is a form of dominance where the allele of the heterozygous pair is fully expressed.

Incomplete parthenogenesis or cyclic parthenogenesis is a process where sexual generation alternates with parthenogenesic generation.
For example, in bees and wasps, some eggs develop without fertilization and produce males, while those eggs that are fertilized developed into females.

Endogamy is the type of pollination in which the pollen from the anthers of a flower reaches the stigma of another flower of the same plant.

Ovipary is the phenomenon in which an adult organism reproduces and lays eggs which later hatch and give rise to young ones.
Since, birds lay eggs they are known as oviparous.
Flight or wing modifications are not related to the process of reproduction.

Budding is a form of asexual reproduction in which a new organism develops from an outgrowth or bud due to cell division at one particular site.
Yeast splits via budding resulting in a 'mother' and a smaller 'daughter' cell.
Hydra also undergoes budding.
In Hydra, a bud develops as an outgrowth due to repeated cell division at one specific site.

Apogamy is a type of reproduction occurring in some ferns, in which the sporophyte develops from the gametophyte without fusion of gametes.
Prothallus is a green, photosynthetic, haploid gametophytic stage of fern.
It is developed from germination of spore and at maturity gives rise into sexual organs, the antheridia and archegonia.

When a flatworm gets cut into pieces, each piece can regenerate into a complete organism.
Cells at the point of the cut grow to form a blastema that will differentiate into new tissues and regenerate the missing parts of the piece of the cut flatworm.

Binary fission is an asexual mode of reproduction in which the bacteria divides into two equal halves.
The process starts with the duplication of genetic contents of a parent cell by the process of replication.
After the duplication, the duplicated genetic material moves apart by the process of karyokinesis.
A furrow or cleavage appears in the plasma membrane which deepens and causes division of cytoplasm by cytokinesis and lead to the formation of daughter cell.
The daughter cell is identical to the parent cell and has the same number of chromosome.

The level of progesterone hormone decreases after the regression of corpus luteum, causes the uterus to shed its lining and egg in a process termed as menstruation.

Reproduction refers to the production or propogation of new individuals by an organism.
Syngamy of fertilisation refers to the fusion of gametes which may or may not be similar.

Hence, fertilization is the union of haploid sperm with the haploid ovum to form a diploid zygote.
Fertilization is the process in which we observe the fusion of male and female gamete.
The parent organism produces a haploid sex gamete called sperm in males and ova or ovum in females.
When these haploid gametes fuse, It brings out fertilization and forms a diploid zygote, which further undergoes division to become an organism.

Fertilization is the process of union of a haploid sperm cell with haploid ovum to form a diploid zygote.
So the correct answer is 'Haploid spermatozoan with haploid ovum to form a diploid zygote.'

Seedless fruits in the banana are produced through parthenocarpy which is a type of parthenogenesis.
The inflorescence contains clusters of flowers.
The ovary of flower develops into a seedless fruit by parthenocarpy.
The female flowers of the inflorescence present on the true stem mature and develop into fruit without fertilization of gametes while the male flowers produce pollen which may or may not be sterile.

Bulbs are underground buds with reduced stems on which short and fleshy storage leaves grow.
Thick scales enclose these leaves.
Bulbs are produced by monocotyledon plants in which the usual structure is modified for storage and reproduction.
The continuous sheathing leaf bases are called bulb scales.
The outer scales are dry and thin and the inner scales are generally fleshy and contain reserve food material.

Development of an embryo directly from an egg cell without fertilization is called parthenogenesis. It is of two types:
In certain animals, parthenogenesis occurs naturally in their life cycles.
This is known as natural parthenogenesis
The fertilised eggs might sometimes develop parthenogenetically by various chemical and physical means.
This is known as artificial parthenogenesis.

In potato, underground stem stores starch and becomes fleshy tuber.
The eyes of tuber represent nodes and adventitious buds are present in their axil.
The buds may germinate to produce new plantlets.
Onion and garlic also show stem modifications but in these plants stem is modified to bulb having fleshy leaves.
Tomato reproduces sexually and produces berry fruit.

Fertilization during sexual reproduction results in gene pools from two different individuals and thus zygote has a some what different genotype than both the parents and show more variation.

Vivipary is the condition, where the embryo grows first to break through the seed coat and then out of the fruit wall while still attached to the parent plant.
This condition is found in Bruguiera, Ceriops, Kandelia and Rhizophora species.

The process of sexual reproduction involved two parents, each contributing one gamete.
As two parents with different sets of characters are involved, it results in variations.
As there are two gametes, they virtually never have exactly the same combination of genes and hence, this results in the formation of different gene combination once fertilized.

Adult filament of a multicellular, filamentous alga have haplontic life cycle in which the meiotic division occurs after the formation of zygote. So, the filament of this alga have haploid vegetative cells and haploid gametangia.

Estrous cycle comprises of the recurring physiologic changes, that are induced by reproductive hormones in females of mammals.
Monoestrous means having one estrous cycle per year.
Diestrous means having two estrous cycles per year.
Whereas polyestrous means having many estrous cycles per year.
A female rabbit is an example of polyestrous.

All of the structures given in different options are used for vegetative propagation.
The corm is vertically growing underground stem, which carries on vegetative propagation as in Amorphophallus and Colocasia.

Reproduction is important because, with the help of reproduction, a new generation of species are produced.
With the help of reproduction, genetic traits of that species are transferred from one generation to another.

Budding is form of asexual reproduction.
It takes place in yeast in favourable conditions.
Reproduction by sporulation takes place in yeast in unfavourable condition.

Transfer of genetic material and progeny have some resemblance with parents are the phenomenon, common in both asexual and sexual reproduction while gametic fusion and reduction division takes place in sexual reproduction only.

Binary fission results in culmination of parental generation and beginning of the next generation but the mother cell does not die in the process rather it gets divided into two daughter cells.

Binary fission and budding both are the modes of asexual reproduction.
But in binary fission, the parent cell splits into two daughter cells and loses its identity.
Whereas in budding, the parent cell first produces an outgrowth or bud which gets detached after maturity and survives as an individual.
The parent identity is thus retained.
In binary fission, the cytoplasm divides evenly whereas in budding cytoplasm divides unevenly.

Some animals give birth to young ones.
This characteristic is called vivipary.
Some animals lay eggs and this habit is called ovipary.
In viviparous animals, the fertilization is internal and the zygote develops inside the body of female animals.
These animals generally produce eggs with very little yolk which cannot support the development of the embryo and hence the zygote develops into an embryo inside the body of female.
Cartilaginous fishes like shark are an example of viviparous animals.

Aquatic animals like fishes and amphibia usually show external fertilisation, whereas terrestrial animals like reptiles, birds and mammals show internal fertilisation.
Egg of animal showing external fertilization is not covered by a hard, protective shell and after fertilisation the embryo develops into larva in water.
In terrestrial birds and reptiles the egg is covered with a hard, protective shell and development of embryo occurs inside egg.
In mammals the egg is not covered by protective shell and fertilization is internal.
After fertilization the zygote forms within the body of female animal and stays there till the formation of embryo.

Newly formed bud on parent yeast can detach from the parent body and grows independently as a new individual or may remain attached to parent body, forming chain of cells.

Vegetative propagation is defined as the production of new plants from the vegetative plant parts like leaf, stem, roots of the parent plant.
In ginger, the vegetative propagation occurs through the underground stem called rhizome.
A rhizome is an underground horizontal stem, with stored foods and buds.
Manufactured foods are transported down to enable the growth of the rhizome.
The lower portion of the rhizome develops roots and helps in the conduction of water and minerals.

Fishes, amphibians, and reptiles all lay eggs, but only reptiles lay shelled eggs as they are terrestrial animals.
Fish possess gills and scales. Scales are the outer covering of fish and reptiles.
Reptiles respire through the lungs.
Amphibians do not have scales.

Asexual reproduction is the production of offspring by single parent without the formation or fusion of gametes.
The offspring produced are genetically similar to their parents and are called clones.

Parthenogenesis is the development of female gamete or sometimes male gamete, without fertilization.
Apogamy is the formation of a sporophyte from the gametophyte without the fusion of gametes.
Apospory is the formation of gametophyte from the sporophytic cells without the formation of spores.
Parthenocarpy is the formation of fruits without fertilization in which unfertilized egg develops into a fruit.
Hence, the formation of an organism from single male gamete without fusion with the egg is called parthenocarpy.

Vegetative propagation or vegetative reproduction is the growth and development of the plant by asexual means.

1. Rhizome is a vegetative plant structure which arises from the modified stem that grows horizontally along the underground or ground surface with buds.
2. This is known as Runners. They originate from existing stem and have horizontal growth at or just below the soil surface.
3. Spores are the agents for asexual reproduction in nonflowering plants, bacteria, fungi, and algae.
4. Sexual reproduction is the production of gamete and fertilization.
5. Stems with woody trunk and are underground.

Bulb is a stem modification. It has reduced stem and fleshy storage leaves.
Bulb is used for vegetative propagation in plants like onion.
Tomato and Rye predominantly reproduce sexually.
Potato has a fleshy stem or tuber, which can also propagate vegetatively.

Saccharomyces cerevisiae commonly known as yeast, reproduces both asexually as well as sexually.
Yeast reproduce asexually through a process known as budding.

The shapes of yeast cells may be spherical, globose, ellipsoidal, elongate to cylindrical with rounded ends.

Microspore mother cell has same ploidy as the vegetative parts.

Many members of class Chondrichthyes and most of the mammals are viviparous and class Osteichthyes, Reptilia and Amphibia are oviparous. Aves are oviparous.
They have four chambered heart filled with warm blood, feather covered body, respiration by lungs and supplemented by air sacs and forelimbs modified into wings.

In this type of asexual reproduction, a small outgrowth can arise from any part of the parent body called a bud.
The nucleus divides to form two daughter nuclei, of which one passes into the bud.
The bud can now detach from the parent body and grow independently as a new individual or may remain attached to the parent body, forming a chain of cells.

Parthenogenesis is a form of asexual reproduction where an egg develops into an offspring without being fertilized.
Many insects like aphid, ant, bee, parasitic wasp reproduce parthenogenetically.