Question
Define and explain the process of fermentation in animals, yeast and bacteria.
✓
Answer
Fermentation: It occurs in some organisms like some bacteria that produce lactic acid from pyruvic acid. In animal cells, such as muscles during exercise, when $O _2$ is inadequate for cellular exercise, the pyruvic acid is reduced to lactic acid by lactate dehydrogenase. Reducing agent is $NADH + H ^{+}$ that is reoxidized to $NAD ^{+}$ in both processes. In both lactic acid and alcohol fermentation not much energy is released; less than seven percent of the energy in glucose released and not all of it is trapped as high energy bonds of ATP. The processes are hazardous: either the acid or alcohol is produced. Yeasts poison themselves to death when the concentration of alcohol reaches the app. 13%.
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