Question
Define mountain.
✓
Answer
- A mountain is any natural elevation of the earth surface.
- The mountain may have a small summit and a broad base.
- Because of harsh climate, less people live in the mountain areas.
- Mountains may be arranged in a line called range.
- The Himalayas, The Alps, The Andes are the mountain ranges.
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Name and explain the local bodies that look after the urban areas.
The Gram Sabha meeting begins with the Panchayat President (who is also called the Sarpanch) and the members of the Panchayat (the Panchs) presenting a plan on repairing the road that connects the village to the main highway. After this, the discussion moves to the subject of water and water shortages.
A villager called Tijia begins the meeting by saying, “The water problem in Hardas has become very acute. The handpump water has gone well below the point up to which the ground has been drilled. We hardly get any water in the taps. Women have to go to the Suru river which is 3 k.m. away to get water.” One of the members suggests piping water from the Suru and making an overhead tank in the village to increase the supply. But the others think that this will be expensive. It’s better, they feel, to deepen the handpumps and clean the wells for this season. Tijia says, “This is not enough. We need to do something more permanent as groundwater levels seem to be going down every year. We’re using more water than is seeping into the ground.”
Another member, Anwar then tells everyone that he has seen ways of conserving water and recharging (refilling) it in a village in Maharashtra where he’d once gone to visit his brother. It was called watershed development and he had heard that the government gave money for this work.
In his brother’s village people had planted trees, constructed check-dams and tanks. Everyone thought this was an interesting idea and the Gram Panchayat was asked to find out about it in detail.
A villager called Tijia begins the meeting by saying, “The water problem in Hardas has become very acute. The handpump water has gone well below the point up to which the ground has been drilled. We hardly get any water in the taps. Women have to go to the Suru river which is 3 k.m. away to get water.” One of the members suggests piping water from the Suru and making an overhead tank in the village to increase the supply. But the others think that this will be expensive. It’s better, they feel, to deepen the handpumps and clean the wells for this season. Tijia says, “This is not enough. We need to do something more permanent as groundwater levels seem to be going down every year. We’re using more water than is seeping into the ground.”
Another member, Anwar then tells everyone that he has seen ways of conserving water and recharging (refilling) it in a village in Maharashtra where he’d once gone to visit his brother. It was called watershed development and he had heard that the government gave money for this work.
In his brother’s village people had planted trees, constructed check-dams and tanks. Everyone thought this was an interesting idea and the Gram Panchayat was asked to find out about it in detail.
- What is a Gram Sabha?
- In the meeting of the Gram Sabha so far what are the problems that are being discussed? What sort of solutions are being suggested?
Read the following account (terrace farming in Nagaland) and answer the questions that follow it:
Terrace Farming in Nagaland:
This is a village called Chizami which is in Phek district in Nagaland. The people of this village belong to the Chakhesang community. They do ‘terrace’ cultivation.
This means that the land on a hill slope is made into flat plots and carved out in steps. The sides of each plot are raised in order to retain water. This allows water to stand in the field, which is best for rice cultivation.
The people of Chizami have their own individual fields. But, they also work collectively in each other’s fields. They form groups of six or eight and take an entire mountainside to clean the weeds on it.
Each group eats together once their work for the day is over. This goes on for several days until the work is completed.
Terrace Farming in Nagaland:
This is a village called Chizami which is in Phek district in Nagaland. The people of this village belong to the Chakhesang community. They do ‘terrace’ cultivation.
This means that the land on a hill slope is made into flat plots and carved out in steps. The sides of each plot are raised in order to retain water. This allows water to stand in the field, which is best for rice cultivation.
The people of Chizami have their own individual fields. But, they also work collectively in each other’s fields. They form groups of six or eight and take an entire mountainside to clean the weeds on it.
Each group eats together once their work for the day is over. This goes on for several days until the work is completed.
- Which village is referred to in the picture above? Where is it located?
- Which community do the villagers of this village belong to?
- What type of farming do they practise?
- For what is this practice the best?
- Why do the people of Chizami work collectively?
Give an account of the Northern Indian Plains.
Discuss the Monasteries of the Jainas and the Buddhists.
Describe the composition of the Gram Panchayat.
Examine the importance of forests.
State five rules that became effective from April 1993 regarding Panchayati Raj.
Examine the composition of atmosphere.
What happened at the dentist’s clinic?