Organisms and Populations — BIOLOGY STD 12 Science — Question

→ (a) Commensalism : This is the interaction in which one species benefits and the other is neither harmed nor benefited.
Examples :
→ An orchid growing as an epiphyte on a mango branch
→ barnacles growing on the back of a whale
→ (b) Parasitism : Parasitism is an interaction in which one species (smaller one) get benefit and another species (bigger one) get harmed.
Examples :
→ Ectoparasite: lice on humans and ticks on dogs.
→ Many marine fish are infested with ectoparasitic copepods.
→ Endoparasite : liverfluck, tape worm, ascaris etc.
→ (c) Camouflage : Prey species have evolved various defenses to lessen the impact of predation.
Some organisms are cryptically-coloured (camouflaged) to avoid being detected easily by the predator.
→ Some species of insects and frogs
→ (d) Mutualism : This interaction confers benefits on both the interacting species.
Examples :
→ Lichens, mycorrhiza, fig tree and some species of wasps.
→ (e) Interspecific competition : It is an interaction between two species in which both are in loss.
→ Example: some shallow South American lakes, visiting flamingoes and resident fishes compete for their common food, the zooplankton in the lake.