Question
Discuss aldol condensation in detail.
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$(a).$ An experiment was carried out in the laboratory, to study depression in freezing point. $1 \ M$ aqueous solution of $Al(NO_3)_3$ and $1 \ M$ aqueous solution of glucose were taken. From the given figure identify solution $1.$ and solution $2.$ Give a plausible reason for your answer
$(b).$ The osmotic pressure of a solution of cane sugar was found to be $2.46 \ atm$ at $300 \ K.$ If the solution was diluted five times, calculate the osmotic pressure at the same temperature.
How can the osmotic pressure of the given cane sugar solution be decreased without changing its volume? Give a reason for your answer.
→$(b).$ The osmotic pressure of a solution of cane sugar was found to be $2.46 \ atm$ at $300 \ K.$ If the solution was diluted five times, calculate the osmotic pressure at the same temperature.
How can the osmotic pressure of the given cane sugar solution be decreased without changing its volume? Give a reason for your answer.
A hydrocarbon 'A', $\left(\mathrm{C}_4 \mathrm{H}_8\right)$ on reaction with HCl gives a compound ' B ', $\left(\mathrm{C}_4 \mathrm{H}_9 \mathrm{Cl}\right)$, which on reaction with 1 mol of $\mathrm{NH}_3$ gives compound ' C ', ( $\left.\mathrm{C}_4 \mathrm{H}_{11} \mathrm{~N}\right)$. On reacting with $\mathrm{NaNO}_2$ and HCl followed by treatment with water, compound ' C ' ields an optically active alcohol, 'D'. Ozonolysis of 'A' gives 2 moles of acetaldehyde. Identify the compounds 'A' to 'D'. Explain the reactions involved.
→How will you distinguish $1^{\circ}, 2^{\circ}$ and $3^{\circ}$ alcohols by Victor Mayer Test? Explain.
→Explain the stability of the highest oxidation states of the 3d series.
Explain the mechanism and reactivity of nucleophilic addition reactions of carbonyl compounds (Aldehyde and ketone).
Answer the following question:
$X_2$ is a greenish yellow gas with pungent smell and used in purification of water. On dissolving water it gives a solution which turns blue litmus red. When it is passed through NaBr solution $Br_2$ is obtained.
→$X_2$ is a greenish yellow gas with pungent smell and used in purification of water. On dissolving water it gives a solution which turns blue litmus red. When it is passed through NaBr solution $Br_2$ is obtained.
- Identify the gas.
- What are products obtained when $X_2$ reacts with ammonia? Give chemical equations.
- What happens when $X_2$ reacts with cold and dilute NaOH solution? Write chemical equation and give the name of reaction.
Describe the physical properties of amines.
How to determine the vapour pressure and total pressure of the components in binary solution of two volatile liquids? Explain their mathematical form and also explain the graph between mole fraction and vapour pressure for an ideal solution.
- Account for the following:
- Helium is used in diving apparatus.
- Fluorine does not exhibit positive oxidation state.
- Oxygen shows catenation behavior less than sulphur.
- Draw the structure of the following molecules.
- $XeF_2$.
- $H_2S_2O_8$.
i. Name the element of 3d transition series which shows maximum number of oxidation states. Why does it show so?
ii. which transition metal of 3 d series has positive $E ^{\circ}\left( M ^{2+} / M \right)$ value and why?
iii. Out of $Cr ^{3+}$ and $Mn ^{3+}$, which is a stronger oxidizing agent and why?
iv. Name a member of the lanthanoid series which is well known to exhibit +2 oxidation state.
v. Complete the following equation:
$MnO_4^{-}+8 H^{+}+5 e^{-} \rightarrow$
→ii. which transition metal of 3 d series has positive $E ^{\circ}\left( M ^{2+} / M \right)$ value and why?
iii. Out of $Cr ^{3+}$ and $Mn ^{3+}$, which is a stronger oxidizing agent and why?
iv. Name a member of the lanthanoid series which is well known to exhibit +2 oxidation state.
v. Complete the following equation:
$MnO_4^{-}+8 H^{+}+5 e^{-} \rightarrow$