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PART - 1 - Unit I : CH - 2 Biological Classification — BIOLOGY STD 11 Science — Question

Rajasthan BoardEnglish MediumSTD 11 ScienceBIOLOGYPART - 1 - Unit I : CH - 2 Biological Classification4 Marks
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Discuss how classification systems have undergone several changes over a period of time?
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R.H. Whittaker proposed a Five Kingdom Classification. The kingdoms defined by him were named Monera, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia. The main criteria for classification used by him include cell structure, body organisation, mode of nutrition, reproduction and phylogenetic relationships. The three-domain system has also been proposed that divides the Kingdom Monera into two domains, leaving the remaining eukaryotic kingdoms in the third domain and there by a six kingdom classification. Earlier classification systems included bacteria, blue-green algae, fungi, mosses, ferns, gymnosperms and the angiosperms under 'Plants'. The character that unified this whole kingdom was that all the organisms included had a cell wall in their cells.
Robert H. Whittaker (1969)

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i. Observe Robert H. Whittaker (1969) flow chart of classification and mention what type of organisms were included in Kingdom Animalia? (1)
ii. Mention two differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. (1)
iii. Linnaeus used which kingdom of classification? State two drawbacks of Linnaeus two kingdom classification. (2)

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Is Fungi- Autotrophic (Photosynthetic) and Heterotrophic the correct match? Also, Mention the difference between the walls of fungi and green plants. (2)
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Structures of the bacterial ribosome have provided a framework for understanding universal mechanisms of protein synthesis. However, the eukaryotic ribosome is much larger than it is in bacteria, and its activity is fundamentally different in many key ways. All ribosomes are composed of two subunits, both of which are built from RNA and protein. Bacterial ribosomes, for example of Escherichia coli, contain a small subunit (SSU) composed of one 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) and 21 ribosomal proteins (r-proteins) and a large subunit (LSU) containing 5S and 23S rRNAs and 33 rproteins. In contrast to their bacterial counterparts, eukaryotic ribosomes are much larger and more complex, containing additional rRNA in the form of so-called expansion segments (ES) as well as many additional r-proteins and r-protein extensions.

(1).Ribosomes are present in
(a) Eukaryotes only
(b) Eukaryotes and prokaryotes
(c) Prokaryotes only
(d) Eukaryotes, prokaryotes and viruses

(2) In 70S ribosomes, ‘S’ stands for
(a) SI unit (b) Solubility factor (c) Svedberg unit (d) all of these

(3) 80 S ribosomes occur in
(a) Eukaryotic cells of animals
(b) Eukaryotic cells of animals and plants
(c) Both Eukaryotic cells and prokaryotic cells
(d) all of these

(4) Ribosomes are made up of
(a) RNA only (b) RNA and proteins (c) RNA, DNA and proteins (d) Nucleic acids, proteins and lipids

(5) Polysomes are
(a) multiple units of ribosomes
(b) attachment of many ribosomes to a common mRNA
(c) attachment of many mRNA to a common ribosome
(d) lysosomal aggregations
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Give comparison between the following:
Anatomy of leaf in $C _3$ and $C _4$ plants
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Organise a discussion in your class on the topic-Are viruses living or non-living?
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Various parts of the plant such as stems leaves, and even fruits are modified into underground parts to perform various functions such as stems, leaves, and even fruits.
The stems in ginger and banana are underground and swollen due to storage of food. They are called rhizome. Rhizome of ginger is a modification of stem because it bears nodes, internodes, terminal buds, scaly leaves and buds, which give rise to aerial shoots. It is not a root because root does not have nodes and internodes. Also, rhizome does not perform the function of roots i.e. anchorage and absorption, rather it serve as reservoir for storage of food. Similarly, corm is an underground stem in Colocasia (jimikand) The tips of the underground stem in potato become swollen due to accumulation of food and forms tuber.

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i. Observe the given flow chart and mention what are the four types of Underground stem modification also mention one example of each. (1)
ii. Ginger is an underground stem but why it is distinguished from a root? (1)
iii. Why do the tips of modified stems in potatoes become swollen? (2)

OR

Are all underground parts of a plant roots? (2)
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Define oxygen dissociation curve. Can you suggest any reason for its sigmoidal pattern?
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Linnaeus gave two kingdom classification/which consists of kingdom Plantae and kingdom Animalia. This classification was based on the mode of nutrition/ reproduction/ presence or absence of cell wall. However, this system had many drawbacks like there was no distinction between eukaryotes and prokaryotes. Then, came the three-kingdom classification in which single-celled bacteria and protozoans were kept in the kingdom Protista.This system also failed to classify all living organisms into appropriate categories. Finally a five Kingdom classification was proposed by dividing all the organisms into five kingdom and it will be accepted as modern system of classification.
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i. We know that Haeckel proposed the term Protista for unicellular organisms. Observe the given flowchart and mention what are advantages does the five-kingdom classification have over the two-kingdom classification?
ii. All eukaryotic unicellular organisms belong to which kingdom? Also, mention its two characteristics.
iii. What is heterotropic? Is Euglena heterotropic?
OR
iii. Who proposed the five-kingdom classification? And which criteria were used to classify organism in the 5- kingdom system?
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Write the differences between:
Blood and Lymph
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Polysaccharides or the macro molecules consisting of long chains of sugar. Only carbohydrates they are not sweet and are insoluble in water. The two ends of the polysaccharide chain are called reducing and non-reducing ends. Based upon their monomeric units these are homo polysaccharides or heteropolysaccharides. Depending upon their location polysaccharides play multiple functions in living world few examples of polysaccharides include Cellulose, chitin, inulin etc.

(1) All the listed polysaccharides are homopolymers except
(a) Starch (b) glycogen (c) Chitin (d) Cellulose

(2) Inulin is a polymer of
(a) glucose (b) fructose (c) glucose and sucrose (d) fructose and galactans

(3) Murein is a heteropolysaccharide like
(a) araban (b) xylan (c) hyaluronic acid (d) agar

(4) A polysaccharide found in the exoskeleton of crabs is
(a) Cellulose (b) pectin (c) murine (d) chitin

(5) The right end of the polysaccharide chain is called
(a) reducing end (b) non-reducing end (c) right end (d) none of these
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(i) Which factor is secreted due to increased blood flow in the atriums of the heart? Write one function of it.
(ii) Write any four differences in the urinary tract of men and women.
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