Chemical Bonding — Chemistry STD 10 — Question

By drawing an electron dot diagram, show the lone pair effect leading to the formation of ammonium ion from ammonia gas and hydrogen ion.

State one relevant observation for each of the following reactions :
(i) Ammonium hydroxide solution is added to zinc nitrate solution in minimum quantities and then in excess.
(ii) Action of Sodium hydroxide solution on ferrous sulphate solution.
(iii) Lead nitrate solution is treated with sodium hydroxide solution drop wise till it is in excess.

(i) Here is an electrode reaction:
Cu → Cu²⁺ + 2e^-
At which electrode (anode or cathode) would such a reaction take place? Is this an example of oxidation or reduction?
(ii) A solution contains magnesium ions (Mg²⁺), iron (II) ions (Fe²⁺) and copper ions (Cu²⁺). On passing an electric current through this solution, which ions will be the first to be discharged at the cathode? Write the equation for the cathode reaction.
(iii) Why is carbon tetrachloride, which is a liquid, a non-electrolyte?

Lead nitrate solution treated with calcium chloride solution and products are heated and cooled.

Define the term isomerism. State two main causes of isomerism.

What do you understand by the strength of an acid? On what factors does the strength of an acid depend?

Draw a labeled diagram to show how iron is electroplated with copper.