The Id is the source of instinctual drive which follows pleasure principle. These drives are of two opposite types ; (1) Life instinct : It is a constructive drive of a sexual nature which constitutes the libido or Eros the basic energy of life.
(2) Death instinct : It is a destructive drive and tends towards aggression, destruction etc. There are two directions of aggression - External and Internal. When external aggression is extreme, the behaviour like biting, murder, quarreling and harm to others can be seen. While in internal aggression, the person harms himself by nail biting, peeling the skin from the fingers or committing suicide in extreme situation.The experiences in the mind of an individual are arranged in a pattern or in the organized form but not scattered. Due to organized experiences, the specific concept about oneself and one's environment established. The concept of self which is known as "self-schema" develops on the basis of experience structure. Self-schema can be negative or positive in nature. For example : If a child is accepted by his parents and other family members and if they appreciate him and praise his good qualities, then the positive self-schema like. "I am good" or "I am wise" develops in the child. On the contrary if the child is on rejected, insulted or punished often and if he is made to realise his mistake, then negative self schema like "I am useless" or "I am naughty" developes. The people who commit suicide have more amount of negative self-schema.
Albert Bandura developed a cognitive behavioural perspective puts considerable emphasis on the cognitive aspects of learning. According to him, human being controls their behaviour by internal symbolic process or thoughts. A person does not require external reinforcement to alter his behaviour pattern. He can solve many problems internally with the help of cognitive abilities. Every person has a capacity for self-direction. Bandura developed "Self Efficacy theory" in 1974 by studying the ability of self-direction in an individual.