Explain PCR technique which used to multiply genes. - Vidyadip

Question

Explain PCR technique which used to multiply genes.

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Answer

→ PCR stands for Polymerase Chain Reaction. In this reaction, multiple copies of the gene (or DNA) of interest is synthesised in vitro.
→ There are three main steps of PCR.
(1) Denaturation :
→ Desired DNA is denatured by heating at 90-95°C. The hydrogen bonds which holds two DNA strands are broken down and two stages of DNA separate.
(2) Annealing :
→ In this step primers which are oligonucleotides, the new DNA nucleotide will be added.
→ Primer is a complementary to the one end of target stand (3' end) but overlapping the opposite strand
→ This mixture is allowed at low temperature (50-60°C), so primers annealed to the strands.
(3) Extension :
→ DNA polymerase (isolated from a bacterium, Thermus aquaticus), which remain active during the high temperature induced denaturation of double stranded DNA.
→ Polymerase enzyme synthesise new strand in 5' → 3' direction.
→ If the process of replication of DNA is repeated many times, the segment of DNA can be amplified to approximately billion times, i.e., 1 billion copies are made.

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