Question
Explain the limitations of valence bound theory.

Answer

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(a) What type of protein is present in keratin?
(b) Write the reactions showing the presence of following in the open structure of glucose:
   i. an aldehyde group
  ii. a primary alcohol
(c) What products would be formed when a nucleotide from DNA containing thymine is hydrolysed?
(d) Amino acids show amphoteric behaviour. Why?
(e) What are a Amino Acids? Give examples.
(f) a. How can you explain the absence of an aldehyde group in the pentaacetate of D-glucose?
    b. Name the bases present in RNA. Which one of these is not present in DNA?
(g) Which monosaccharide units are present in starch, cellulose and glycogen and which linkages link these units?
  1. What are essential and non-essential amino acids? Give two examples of each.
  2. What are the two types of photosynthesis in green plants? Give the basic equations of photosynthesis.
  3. Mention the two products of glycolysis.
Match the complex ions given in Column I with the hybridisation and number of unpaired electrons given in Column II and assign the correct code:
 
Column I (Complex ion)
 
Column II (Hybridisation, number of unpaired electrons)
$a.$
$[Cr(H_2O)_6]^{3+}$
$1.$
$dsp^2, 1$
$b.$
$[Co(CN)_4]^{2-}$
$2.$
$sp^3d^2, 5$
$c.$
$[Ni(NH_3)_6]^{2+}$
$3.$
$d^2sp^3, 3$
$d.$
$[MnF_6]^{4-}$
$4.$
$sp^3, 4$
 
 
$5.$
$sp^3d^2, 2$
Code:
  1. $A (3), B (1), C (5), D (2).$
  2. $A (4), B (3), C (2), D (1).$
  3. $A (3), B (2), C (4), D (1).$
  4. $A (4), B (1), C (2), D (3).$
Answer the following questions:
a. The figure given alongside illustrates the first ionization enthalpies of first, second and third series of transition elements. Answer the question that follows:
b. Which series amongst the first, second and third series of transition elements have the highest first ionization enthalpy and why?
c. Separation of lanthanoid elements is difficult. Explain.
d. $Sm ^{2+}, Eu ^{2+}$ and $Yb ^{2+}$ ions in solutions are good reducing agents but an aqueous solution of $Ce ^{4+}$ is a good oxidising agent. Why?
Describe the mechanism of replication of DNA.
i. Name the element of 3d transition series which shows maximum number of oxidation states. Why does it show so?
ii. which transition metal of 3 d series has positive $E ^{\circ}\left( M ^{2+} / M \right)$ value and why?
iii. Out of $Cr ^{3+}$ and $Mn ^{3+}$, which is a stronger oxidizing agent and why?
iv. Name a member of the lanthanoid series which is well known to exhibit +2 oxidation state.
v. Complete the following equation:
$MnO_4^{-}+8 H^{+}+5 e^{-} \rightarrow$
Using crystal field theory, draw energy level diagram, write electronic configuration of the central metal atom/ion and determine the magnetic moment value in the following:
  1. $[\text{CoF}_6]^{3-}, [\text{Co(H}_2\text{O})_6]^{2+}, [\text{Co(CN)}_6]^{3-}$
  2. $[\text{FeF}_6]^{3-}, [\text{Fe(H}_2\text{O})_6]^{2+}, [\text{Fe(CN})_6]^{4-}$
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  1. Methylamine in water reacts with ferric chloride to precipitate hydrated ferric oxide.
  2. Diazonium salts of aromatic amines are more stable than those of aliphatic amines.
Give reasons for the following:
On electrolysis in acidic solution amino acids migrate towards cathode, while in alkaline solution these migrate towards anode.
Write the $S _{ N } 1$ mechanism of unimolecular nucleophilic substitution reaction.