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Methods of pervasiveness and scientific exploration — Philosophy STD 12 Arts — Question

Gujarat BoardEnglish MediumSTD 12 ArtsPhilosophyMethods of pervasiveness and scientific exploration5 Marks
Question
Explain the opposite method.
✓

Answer

  • The explanation of the opposite method is as follows:
  • Mill's motto: “The phenomenon under investigation is $(1)$ an instantaneous occurrence and $(2)$ an instantaneous instance. These twoIf in the instances all the coincidences except one are similar and this one coincidence is present in the instance where the event occurs and the event does not occur, then the only coincidence which differs in these two examples is the result or cause of the event or There is an essential part of reason. "
  • The opposite mode is subject to the following conditions:
  • Two instances of what happened and did not happen should be observed.
  • All exceptions should be similar in these examples. $($Coincidences should be the same.$)$
  • The difference between the two coincidences is that the coincidence should be present when it happened and absent when it did not.
  • Example: Suppose, ‘Student has passed the exam’ to find the cause of this phenomenon. For this, a legislative incident like 'student has passed the examination' should be investigated.
  • A prohibitive incident where a student has not passed the examination should also be investigated.
  • Investigating under research, we find the following observations of both incidents:
The student has passed the examination.
$($Legislative example$)$		 Student passed the exam
No. $($Prohibitive example$)$
$1.$ The student is interested in the study. $1.$ The student is interested in the study.
$2.$ Study subjects are preferred by the student. $2.$ Study subjects are preferred by the student.
$3.$ The students have worked diligently on the study throughout the year. $3.$ The student has worked diligently on the study throughout the year.
$4.$ All necessary educational information and materials about the study Received by the student. $4.$ All necessary educational information and materials about the study Received by the student.
$5.$ The student is present in the examination room to give the examination. $5.$ The student is absent from the examination room to appear for the examination.
  • From the observation of the above two examples, it can be seen that there is only one difference in the case of ‘passing the student examination’.
  • There is equality in all things except that.
  • From the observation of the incident under research, it will be seen that the student has passed the examination when he is present for the examination in the examination room and he has not passed the examination when the student is absent for the examination in the examination room.
  • In contrast to the above examples, the coincidence of being present in a legislative example and absent in a prohibitive example is the reason for passing the exam.
  • Symbolic representation: The symbolic representation of the opposite pattern using capital letters $(A, B, C, D)$ for the predecessors of the event under investigation and the lower case letters $(a, b, c, d)$ for the successors is as follows:
$A\ B\ C\ D - a\ b\ c\ d$
$B\ C\ D - b\ c\ d $
$\therefore $ a is the result of $A$ or $A$ is the cause of a because the essential part of the cause.

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